Government

Evolution of Private & Public Spheres Men Institutions Dominate public realm Political Economic Social Women Home Relegated to private realm Men dominated private realm ¤

Formal v. Informal Politics Public sphere= Formal politics Top-down approach Governs economy Private sphere= Informal politics Bottom-up approach Grassroots mvts. Activitism Community-based activities ¤

Barriers to ♀’s Political Participation Political Laws Type of electoral system Type of gov’t Harder to get elected in democracy Lack of networks Fewer opportunities Image as nonpolitical Women as ineffective leaders Small qualified pool Lack of demand Glass ceiling ¤

Barriers to ♀’s Political Participation: Economic Domestic and household work Dependence on men as earners Men relatively make more than women Family obligations Lack of campaign money ¤

Barriers to ♀’s Political Participation: Social Education/literacy Lack of social networks Familial expectations Media Stereotypes Sexism Classism Racism Sexual orientation discrimination Religious norms Cultural norms Male family influence’ Harassment ¤

↑‘Critical Mass' of ♀'s Representation Electoral system reform Can’t rely on voting alone Male influence, illiteracy, ignorance of system Quotas Party leadership or gov’t Tokenism Women’s-only parties ¤

Common Issues ♀ Candidates Face Very few worldwide Many are 1st to serve in their country Tend not to be in office very long Similarities by region/continent Held to higher standards than men Tend to ignore women’s issues Subject to public prejudices, even harassment Can’t put family first (like men) Can’t discuss successes- considered bragging More physically scrutinized ¤