The Protestant Reformation Unit 3 Section 2 Essential Standards: Explain how interest in classical learning and religious reform contributed to increased global interaction. Explain the political, social and economic reasons for the rise of powerful centralized nation-states and empires. I can: understand how an increase in the quest for knowledge lead to global interactions and how these intellectual and religious movements lead to reforms. How political, economic, and social discontent can lead to change.

1500s, Reform The mvt. is known as the Protestant Reformation. Protestants, for those who “protested” papal authority. Abuses in the Church caught up in worldly affairs. Popes competed for political power. Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences, lessening of time spent in purgatory, Popes fought long wars to protect the Papal States against invaders Popes led lavish lifestyles. The Church increased fees for services.

The Teachings of Martin Luther (German monk) Salvation is achieved through faith alone. 95 Theses in response to the priest Johann Tetzel selling indulgences to any Christian who contributed money. Bible is the sole source of religious truth. All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible. Luther Versus the Church Luther rejected Church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation. Luther denied other authorities, such as Church councils or the pope. Luther rejected the idea that priests and Church officials had special powers. Luther He was considered a criminal & was in hiding for nearly a year. Church wanted Luther to recant, give up his views. The Pope excommunicated Luther.

Why Did Lutheranism Receive Widespread Support? Many clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to Church corruption. Peasants hoped that Luther would support social and economic change. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowed each prince in Germany to decide on a religion. (North-Lutheran, South-Catholic) John Calvin Follower of Martin Luther He also preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy(is a government run by Church leaders.) in Geneva. Strict on rules w/fines & harsh punishments. German princes hoped to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor. Ideas spread quickly in northern Germany and Scandinavia. Germans supported Luther because of feelings of national loyalty. The most important Protestant reformer to was John Calvin. Published the Institutes of the Christian Religion. Root in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland. In several of these countries, Calvinists faced opposition and persecution from other religious groups. Calvinists stressed hard work, thrift, honesty and morality.

Reformation Ideas Spread Essential Standards: Explain how interest in classical learning and religious reform contributed to increased global interaction. Explain the political, social and economic reasons for the rise of powerful centralized nation-states and empires. I can: understand how an increase in the quest for knowledge lead to global interactions and how these intellectual and religious movements lead to reforms. How political, economic, and social discontent can lead to change.

Radical Reformers England and the Church Anabaptists, rejected infant baptism. Use violence to speed up judgment day. Religious tolerance & separation of Church and state. England and the Church In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul, or cancel, his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (Spanish), pope refused Henry created the Church of England. 1534 The Act of Supremacy, made Henry the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England. Sir Thomas More refused to accept this act, he was later canonized (sainthood) As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects sprang up. More radical than those of Luther and Calvin. Anabaptists: Wanted to abolish private property. Henry VIII: to marry Anne Boleyn son. Henry did have a daughter, Mary Tudor. The

Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise b/w Protestants and Catholics. Protestant King Edward VI ( 10 yrs. Old) Protestant reforms to England. Queen Mary (half-sister of Edward) wanted to restore Catholicism to England. 100s of Protestants burned at the stake. (Bloody Mary) Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise b/w Protestants and Catholics. Thomas Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer. Protestant service w/Catholic doctrines

The Catholic Reformation Council of Trent to est. the direction that reform should take. Bible was a source of religious truth, but not the only source. Inquisition. Church court that used secret testimony, torture, & execution to expose heresy, Jesuits (founded by Ignatius of Loyola), to combat heresy & spread the Catholic faith. Pope Paul III led a vigorous reform mvt w/n the Catholic Church. Pope Paul III revive the moral authority of the Church & roll back the Protestant tide. To accomplish these goals, he: Prepared the Index of Forbidden Books. Became advisors to Catholic rulers and set up schools. Teresa of Avila Convent, not strict enough & created her own order of nuns. They lived in isolation, eating & sleeping very little. She was later canonized.

Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Religious wars in Europe Catholic Reformation Increased anti-semitism Peasants’ Revolt Weakening of Holy Roman Empire Immediate: Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, & other Protestant churches Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands Long Term: Strengthening of the Inquisition Jewish migration to Eastern Europe

Widespread Persecution fostered intolerance. Victims of witch hunts. Social outcasts. Close relation b/w magic & heresy. Jews were forced to live in ghettos After 1550 many Jews moved to Poland-Lithuania & parts of the Ottoman empire where they were accepted. Between 1450 & 1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly women, died Jews: or separate quarters of the city. In other places, they were expelled from Christian lands & their books & synagogues were burned.