Attributes and Domains Attribute Data Types Numeric Data Types Text Data Types Date Data Types Other Data Types Domain Constraints

Non-key Attributes Previous discussion has focused on different kinds of attributes Primary keys Foreign keys Alternate keys (candidate keys) We have implied and sometimes illustrated other attributes Attributes that just contain information we want to record about an entity Do not serve as any sort of key

Non-key Attributes (cont.) Four major issues with non-key attributes Identifying descriptive attributes Placing attributes in the correct entity Rules of normalization Appropriate functional dependency Identifying the appropriate data type for the attribute (field) Specifying appropriate domain business rules for the attribute (field)

Attribute Data Types When attributes are instantiated in a database they become fields Fields must have a data type Similar to variable type in programming (Variants are not allowed) Data type specifies: Class of data (numeric, text, date, binary, other) Size of data within the class

Attribute Data Types (cont.) A field’s type supports processing and storage efficiency Storage The number 123 can be represented with one byte The text “123” requires three bytes Processing “123” must be converted to a number before it can be used in an arithmetic calculation The number 123 can be used directly in an arithmetic calculation

Attribute Data Types (cont.) Many DB operations require comparisons of values Computers perform numeric operations (comparisons and arithmetic) much more efficiently than textual comparisons or text operations But a tremendous amount of useful business data is textual Date values are stored and compared as numbers but displayed as conventional dates Choose the appropriate data type for your attribute

Attribute Data Types (cont.) Some special cases Leading zeros in numbers ‘Numeric’ fields such as zip codes and social security numbers can start with zeros Storing them as numbers will strip off the leading zeros Store as text to retain leading zeros (And you will rarely perform arithmetic on them) International implications Many countries use letters in their postal (zip) codes

Numeric Data Types in SQL Server 2000 Integers bigint Integers from -2^63 to 2^63 – 1 (8 bytes) int Integers from -2^31 to 2^31 – 1 (4 bytes) smallint Integers from -2^15 to 2^15 – 1 (2 bytes) tinyint Integers from 0 to 255 (1 byte) Note: only positive for tinyint bit 0 or 1 only Used for boolean values No True/False data type in SQL Server

Numeric Data Types in SQL Server 2000 (cont.) Decimal numeric values Money and SmallMoney are the workhorses of business programming money ± 2^63 (~ ± 922 trillion) decimal point fixed to four digits (1/10,000) no monetary formatting ($ or commas) smallmoney +/- 214,748.3648 fixed to four places

Numeric Data Types in SQL Server 2000 (cont.) Decimal numeric values Decimal or Numeric types are equivalent Allow specifying large values of decimal precision approximate range +/- 10^38 decimal point can be anywhere in the value Decimal(p, s) p=1-38: Number of digits represented s<p: Digits right of decimal place p affects storage size P<=9 −5 Bytes; 29 <= p <=38−17 Bytes

Numeric Data Types in SQL Server 2000 (cont.) Decimal numeric values (cont.) Float and Real Values stored in scientific notation Float(n) where n=number of digits in coefficient These are very imprecise Not commonly used in business

Numeric Precision The type of numeric field also limits the size of calculated results on that field You might choose tinyint for a quantity field in a retail application If all quantities are summed and the result exceeds 255 the result will be limited to 255 There is a hierarchy of precedence for data type conversions E.g., Money_value * SmallMoney_value gives a Money_value TinyInt + SmallInt gives a SmallInt

Numeric Precision (cont.) Date Precedence DateTime SmallDateTime Character Precedence nText Text nVarChar VarChar Char Numeric Precedence Float Real Decimal Money SmallMoney BigInt Int SmallInt TinyInt Bit

Numeric Precision (cont.) Uncomment each pair of SET/SELECT statements and see results DECLARE @SmallIntOne SmallInt, @SmallIntTwo SmallInt, @SmallIntResultOne SmallInt, @IntResultOne Int SET @SmallIntOne = 1000 SET @SmallIntTwo = 1000 --SET @SmallIntResultOne = @SmallIntOne * @SmallIntTwo --SELECT @SmallIntResultOne --SET @IntResultOne = @SmallIntOne * @SmallIntTwo --SELECT @IntResultOne SET @IntResultOne = CAST(@SmallIntOne AS int) * @SmallIntTwo SELECT @IntResultOne

Numeric Data Types in SQL Server 2000 (cont.) Identity attributes int and bigint attributes can be identity attributes The field’s value for the first record will be automatically set to the identity seed value I usually set to 1,000 (int) or 10,000 (bigint) Each new record will get a new value incremented by the identity increment Almost always one Widely used for PKs Foreign Keys will be the same data type but will not be an identity attribute

Numeric Data Types (cont.) BigInt ± 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 Int ± 2,147,483,648 SmallInt ± 32,768 TinyInt + 0-255 (positive only) Decimal ± 10^38 Money ± 922,337,203,685,477.5807 SmallMoney +/- 214,748.3648

Date Data Types in SQL Server 2000 datetime January 1, 1753 to December 31, 9999 Accurate to 3 hundredths of a second smalldatetime January 1, 1900 to June 6, 2079 Accurate to one minute Remember the year 2000 problem Required time precision (rather than maximum date allowed) may determine datatype chosen Use “___Date” or “___Time” in naming to indicate stored precision

Text Data Types in SQL Server 2000 Unicode vs. nonUnicode Unicode allows the extended character set needed to represent many foreign, especially Oriental, languages Unicode uses two bytes per character nonUnicode limited to 255 characters and supports most European languages Text/character fields are specified with their maximum length

Text Data Types in SQL Server 2000 char(n) up to 8,000 characters Fixed length text field n characters long Shorter values will be padded with spaces Wasted space but efficient processing May require trimming when retrieving varchar(n) up to 8,000 characters variable length text field n characters long text(n) up to 2,147,483,647 characters Variable length text field allows for large text fields May not be searched with SQL comparisons

Text Data Types in SQL Server 2000 (cont.) nchar(n), nvarchar, ntext are Unicode versions of char, varchar, and text data types Don’t be stingy declaring text fields but don’t be wasteful, either char data types can blow up database size quickly varchar and text fields can require additional processing Avoid searching within long text values unless necessary

Other Data Types in SQL Server 2000 binary, varbinary, and image are three different data types that store binary values images formatted documents such as Excel or Word documents Avoid storing binary data in the database uniqueidentifier is a field that automatically creates a value guaranteed to be unique anywhere in the world See text for info on cursor, rowversion, and sql_variant Don’t even think about using sql_variant for normal business data design

Data Type Considerations The attribute data types are also the same datatypes available for use in stored procedures Parameters Variables Ensure that variable/parameter data type is consistent with its use Will hold required value Is consistent with field datatypes with which it is compared DECLARE @SmallIntOne SmallInt, @SmallIntTwo SmallInt, @SmallIntResultOne SmallInt, @IntResultOne Int

Domain Constraints Domain constraints are critical limitations on the values that attributes can take on Is a value required? Always for PK attributes What about other attributes? Is value numeric, textual, boolean, date? Are there ranges the value must be in or must not be in? Are there limited choices for the value (e.g., subtype identifier codes, state abbreviations) Other examples

Domain Constraints (cont.) Some domain constraints are simple Last names may not be null and must be alphabetic characters between two and 30 characters in length Some domain constraints can be more complex Social security numbers will be recorded as character strings with three numeric characters, a dash, two numeric characters, a dash, and four numeric characters and will be exactly eleven characters long

Domain Constraints (cont.) Many domain constraints contain ranges Minimum or maximum values Numbers Dates Price must be greater than zero and less than 10,000 Membership date must be after 6/6/55 Domain constraints may specify a default value Quantity defaults to 1 Purchase date defaults to current date

Domain Constraints (cont.) Some domain constraints can be expressed in terms of calculated values when calculations refer to system values Birth date must be more than 21 years earlier than today More complex calculations to enforce business rules are implemented as operational constraints (triggers) Inventory quantity on hand is the sum of all items received less the sum of all items sold less the sum of all inventory adjustments Covered in the next lesson

Domain Constraints Identifier Attributes (Primary Keys) will have special domain constraints Cannot be null Single attribute identifiers must be unique Composite identifiers must be unique (though each component attribute will not be) Some other attributes or sets of attributes may also be set to be unique SSN and driver's license number in the same entity Use an Index required to be unique to implement

Domain Constraints (cont.) Two ways to implement domain constraints Specify each aspect of the domain for each attribute Specify named domains (rules) A "Last Name" domain may have all the rules for last name attributes Different entities with last name attributes would use the named domain for those attributes E.g., Salesrep, Employee, Customer, Supplier DBMS must support named domains (called rules in SQL Server) Bind rule to a column