Social Science & Natural Resources ESRM 304 Environmental and Resource Assessment Social Science & Natural Resources Research Design, Methods & Measures

forest values

Social and Cultural Values Across the Landscape Gradient Urban Wildland

The Study of Human Dimensions

Social Science Disciplines psychology sociology economics political science anthropology geography policy planning Disciplines represent scale of human interaction motivation for interaction time space Purpose of my participation in class, undergrads becoming scientists science producers science consumers, better knowledge for understanding lit and perhaps hiring social scientist

Research Cycle Carrying Out an Investigation decide on a focus develop research questions choose a research approach report what you’ve found Research Cycle select methods carry out analysis collect the data Robson & Galvan

What is the unit of analysis ? Sources of questions: individual group community relationship among variables Sources of questions: professor told me to personal interests observation theory management issue program effectiveness decide on a focus develop research questions report what you’ve found choose a research approach

develop research questions choose a research approach Question drives the approach historical descriptive developmental case correlational causal true experiment quasi experimental decide on a focus develop research questions choose a research approach

Historical – to reconstruct the past objectively and accurately A study reconstructing the recreation/human use practices on the national forests over the past century. Descriptive – To describe systematically a situation or area of interest factually and accurately. Population census studies, public opinion surveys, observations studies, status studies, survey of the literature. Developmental – To investigate patterns and sequences of growth and or change as a function of time. A longitudinal study following the patterns of recreation participation from adolescence through retirement. Case – To study intensively the background, current status, and environmental interactions of a given social unit: an individual, group, institution, or community. The case history of the youngest person to summit Mt. Everest; an intensive study of a group of Sherpa's who smoke; an intensive study of the socio-economic characteristics of second home communities.

Correlational – To investigate the extent to which variations in one factor correspond with the variations in one or more other factors based on correlation coefficients. The investigate relationships between participation in certain types of recreation activities and demographic variables such as age, income, gender and race. Causal – To investigate possible cause and effect relationships by observing some existing consequence and search back through the data for plausible casual factors. To investigate differences and similarities between such recreations groups as those who are self propelled vs. those who chose motorized vehicles. True experiment – To investigate possible cause and effect relationships by exposing one or more experimental groups to one or more treatment conditions and comparing the results of one or more control groups not receiving the treatment. To investigate the effectiveness of three methods of teaching navigation to cross country hikers. Quasi experimental – To approximate the conditions of the true experiment in a setting which does not allow the control and or manipulations of all relevant variable.

choose a research approach interviews surveys observations data sets choose a research approach archival materials ethnography journaling documents discourse select methods

Practicality Sampling frame select methods carry out analysis collect the data Practicality Sampling frame random sample stratified random sample “snowball” sample purposeful access to data time cost human subjects protection

arrange practicalities select methods carry out analysis arrange practicalities collect the data What do the data tell you? patterns difference relationships causality inference Analytical Techniques statistics content analysis

report what you’ve found Who wants to know? research sponsors scientific community professionals/managers collaborators public How to communicate? scientific journals technical reports manuals books public presentations posters report what you’ve found carry out analysis

professional journals scientific journals technical reports professional journals fact sheet

Research Cycle Carrying Out an Investigation decide on a focus develop research questions choose a research approach report what you’ve found Research Cycle select methods carry out analysis collect the data Robson & Galvan