China, Imperialism & Civil War Ms. Garratt

China & Trade China traditionally placed strict limits on foreign trade Balance of trade (B/T) surplus vs. trade deficit Britain was refused more trading rights

Opium Britain decides to sell Opium which is illegal in China This is protested by China Lin writes letter to Queen Victoria asking why she is allowing such a harmful substance to be sold in China that is illegal in Britain

The Opium War 1839 Chinese ships were no match for the steam-powered gunboats. British naval victory Results in the Treaty of Nanjing

Treaty of Nanjing 1842 British gained: Hong Kong Indemnity Extraterritorial rights Most favored nation (MFN) Access to more trade

The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 Just when you thought things couldn’t go worse……The Taiping Rebellion occurs. Over the course of the next 15 years approx 20-30 m died Leader (Hong Xiuquan) wanted to establish “heavenly kingdom” His radical ideas included land reform, community ownership of property, gender equality, strict morality & end to Qing Dynasty Foreigners took further advantage of Chinese weaknesses and seized more territory

Sino-Japanese War Japan industrialized quickly after 1868 Japan joined Western imperialists in competition for global empire In 1894 they seized Taiwan

Impact of the Japanese Defeat By revealing how weak China was Europeans began to carve out more spheres of influence. The US insisted in 1899 that there be an “open door” policy which allowed all countries to trade freely in China on an equal basis

Impact of US Open Door Policy Ensured that Chinese trade would be open to all Prevented China from full scale colonization

To Reform or not to reform…. Many saw reform as the only way to free China from Western imperialism In 1860s the Self-Strenghening Movement tried to industrialize and build an infrastructure Little progress due to lack of gov support

Hundred Days of Reform” Movement 1898 Second attempt concentrated on modernizing government, military & bureaucracy Conservatives were threatened & halted reforms Reformers imprisoned Kang Youwei >>>>

Catalyst for Reform

Resentment Against Foreigners Treaty of Nanjing Extraterritorial rights Missionaries Spheres of Influence Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists (the Boxers) led campaign against foreigners >>Martyrs of rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion 1899 Goal was to drive out “foreign devils” who were “polluting” the land with un-Chinese ways. Attacked foreign communities which led the West to organize a multinational force. Boxers were easily defeated.

Impact of Boxer Rebellion Greater sense of nationalism Convinced conservatives of the need to support westernization Confucianism was replaced with emphasis on math & science China expanded economically Industry developed with new Chinese business & working class

Sun Yixian & the Three Principals of the People Western educated Founded the Kuomintang to create a republic based on these 3 principles: Nationalism Democracy Economic Security for all

World War I China felt betrayed after the war. Declared war against Germany in the hopes that Allies would return control of Chinese territory held by Germany Instead the territory was given to Japan as part of the Treaty of Versailles

May Fourth Movement 1919 Demonstrations erupted across the country in what came to be called the May Fourth Movement. Commitment to nationalism and modernization Many turned away from Kuomintang toward communists out of frustration

Chinese Communists Mao adapted Marxism to China Lenin provides military aid Communism appeals to those frustrated with the West. Even Quomindang forged alliance. WHY? To defeat the warloads

Jiang & the Kuomindang After Sun’s death Jiang Jieshi (Chiang kai-Shek) takes over. Corrupt - did little to improve the lives of peasants. 1927 Communist Massacre - slaughters 1000s Plunged China into 4 decades of Civil War

Civil War & the Long March 100,000 march 6000 miles to escape Jiang Recruit peasants Guerilla warfare Only 7-8000 survive when they reach the north Japan takes advantage of domestic turmoil

Japanese Invasion 1931 Manchuria League of Nations ? Jiang & Mao formed a temporary united front against Japan US entered after Pearl Harbor US supported Jiang after the war

World War II Communists Kuomintang Controlled the north Promoted literacy & food production Won support of the peasants Control of the South Received US aid ($1.5 b) Corruption Few battles fought with Japanese Saved their energy for final battle with Communists