AIM: HOW DO ENZYMES WORK?

DO NOW: Identify the type of organic compound that is represented to the right. Which chemical reaction created this compound? 3. Identify the type of organic compound that is represented above. 4. Which chemical reaction is represented in the diagram above?

Dehydatrion Synthesis Hydrolysis H2O H2O Forming Breaking Down Small to large Large to small Two to one One to two

Enzymes are used temporarily & then recycled. ENZYMES ARE MUCH LARGER LOCK & KEY MODEL ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX SUBSTRATE ACTIVE SITE There is an active site where the actual chemical reaction takes place. ENZYME Enzymes are used temporarily & then recycled. ENZYMES ARE MUCH LARGER THAN THE MOLECULES WITH WHICH THEY INTERACT.

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Substrates 4 2 Product 5 1 3 Active Site Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

Forms an ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX Enzymes have an ACTIVE SITE, where substrate molecules fit temporarily into the enzyme. Forms an ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX ACTIVE SITE SUBSTRATE PRODUCT

HYDROLYSIS

HYDROLYSIS

HYDROLYSIS DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

AIM: HOW DO ENZYMES WORK? DAY 2

Factors that affect enzyme activity Enzyme/substrate concentrations DO NOW: Factors that affect enzyme activity PH TEMPERATURE Enzyme/substrate concentrations

1. Temperature: The optimum temperature for most enzymes is 98.6 F or 37 C. OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE DENATURES

Maximum amount of activity effectiveness of an enzyme. DEFINITIONS OPTIMUM Maximum amount of activity DENATURATION The loss of effectiveness of an enzyme. The enzyme begins to break down.

Which quadrant show optimum enzyme activity?

2. Relative amounts of enzyme and substrate Reaction rate depends on how often enzymes & substrates bump into each other By adding more enzymes increases the # of molecules to interact with substrate. The reactions maximum rate is reached when all enzymes are attached to substrate.

What’s happening in this graph?

3. pH: The optimum pH for most enzymes is 7. Exceptions :Pepsin (gastric protease) Trypsin (intestinal protease) Pepsin works best at pH of 3 Trypsin pH of 8

REVIEW

pH: Human enzymes function best at a pH of 7

Temperature: Human enzymes function best at 98.6o F

Concentration: the ratio of substrate and enzyme, As the concentration of either is increased the rate of reaction increases.

Enzyme Function The rate at which an enzyme functions is affected by: pH Temperature Concentration of substrate

1. Identify A, C, D 2. If figure D is a disaccharide, what must figures A & B represent?

pH Aim: How are Compounds differentiated? Strong Base Strong Acid is a scale designed to describe whether a compound is an acid or a base AND its strength. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Strong Base Strong Acid Neutral

pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is. A scale with values ranging from below 0 to above 14 27

Acids Substances with a pH below 7 are acidic. An acid is any substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water. Example: Lemon juice and soda

Bases Substances with a pH above 7 are basic. A base is any substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water. Example: Soap and household cleaners

Neutral A substance that is neither acidic nor basic or a pH of 7 is neutral Example : Water Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe chemicals, just like hot and cold are two extremes that describe temperature.

Biological Indicators Litmus Paper Hydrion Paper Used to test the level of pH Provides a specific number Used to identify is the substance in an acid or a base

TASTE SOUR, REACT WITH METALS AND TURN LITMUS PAPER RED ACIDS TASTE BITTER, FEEL SLIPPERY, REACT WITH LITMUS PAPER TO TURN IT BLUE BASES

Benedict's Solution Biuret's Solution Iodine Used to test for the presence of glucose Biuret's Solution Used to test for the presence of proteins Iodine Used to test for the presence of starch

Measures the concentration of WHAT DOES pH TELL US? Measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. BELOW 7, THE SUBSTANCE IS ACIDIC. ABOVE 7, THE SUBSTANCE IS BASIC. IF THE pH IS 7, THEN IT IS NEUTRAL.