General Biology Midterm Study Guide

1. A hypothesis is a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be ___________ in ways that support or reject it. tested

2. A personal preference or point of view is called _________. bias

3. List the 8 characteristics of living things. Made of cells Grow and develop Adapt and evolve Respond to stimuli Maintains homeostasis Reproduces Has levels of organization Requires energy

4. The process by which organisms maintain a balanced internal state is called _______________. homeostasis

Liters- volume/capacity Meters- length/distance Grams- weight/mass 5. List the three base units of the metric system and label what each measures. Liters- volume/capacity Meters- length/distance Grams- weight/mass

6. List the correct order of steps in the scientific method. State question Gather information Form hypothesis Perform experiment Observe Record data Report conclusion

7. List the 3 particles of an atom including the charge and location of each. Proton- (+) charge, inside nucleus Neutron- (0) charge, inside nucleus Electron- (-) charge, outside nucleus

8. Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons are called ______________. isotopes

9. Chemical bonds that result from sharing electrons are considered ______________ bonds. covalent

10. Describe a solution and give an example including all the parts. Solution- mixture with all parts mixed equally throughout Solution = solute + solvent Kool-aid = powder + water

11. Compare acids and bases. Include pH and dissolved ions. Acids- pH below 7, releases H+ ions Bases- pH above 7, releases OH- ions

12. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called ______________ __________. Activation energy

13. What is a catalyst? Catalyst- something introduced to start or speed up the reaction that is recycled

14. What types of organisms enclose their DNA inside nuclei? eukaryotes

15. List the 3 principles of the cell theory. All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of life New cells only derive from already existing cells

16. Which organelle converts chemical energy into usable energy for cells? mitochondria

17. List 3 differences between plant cells and animal cells. Plant cells have chloroplasts Plant cells have cell walls Plant cells have a single large vacuole

18. What is the function of the nucleus? It contains the genetic material (DNA)

19. The _________ _________________ acts as a cell’s boundary from the outside environment. Cell membrane

20. _______________ make proteins using the coded information found in DNA. Ribosomes

21. Which organelle is used to break down molecules and other organelles inside the cytoplasm of a cell? lysosome

22. _______________ is the movement of water from a high concentration to a lower concentration across a membrane. Osmosis

23. ______________ is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a lower concentration. Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion 24. _______________ ______________ is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a lower concentration by the use of channel proteins. Facilitated diffusion

25. _________________ occurs when the cell membrane engulfs large molecules to bring them into the cell. Endocytosis

26. ________________ occurs when the cell carries a vesicle filled with large molecules to the membrane and releases them out of the cell. Exocytosis

27. The movement of substances against the concentration gradient is called __________ _______________ and does require energy. Active transport

Autotroph Tree Algae Flower 28. An ____________ is able to make its own food using the sun’s energy Autotroph Tree Algae Flower

Heterotroph Human Mushroom dog 29. A _______________ must consume other living things to obtain food and energy. Heterotroph Human Mushroom dog

30. Write the chemical equation of photosynthesis 30. Write the chemical equation of photosynthesis. Label the reactants and products. Reactants  Products CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6 Carbon dioxide + Water  Oxygen + Glucose

31. Draw and label a diagram of a molecule of ATP.

32. NADP+ is an example of an ________ _________ that transports electrons safely throughout the chloroplast during photosynthesis. Electron carrier

33. ______________ are light energy absorbing molecules plants use during photosynthesis. Pigments

ATP is formed when a phosphate group is added to an ADP molecule. 34. How is ATP formed? ATP is formed when a phosphate group is added to an ADP molecule.

35. The ___________ ___________ is another name for the light independent reaction of photosynthesis. Calvin cycle

36. Organisms get the energy they need by ___________ _______ food to release the chemical energy. Breaking down

Glycolysis- cytoplasm Krebs cycle- mitochondria matrix 37. List the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration. List the location of each process. Glycolysis- cytoplasm Krebs cycle- mitochondria matrix Electron Transport Chain- inner mitochondria membranes

38. Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration 38. Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration. Label the reactants and products. Reactants  Products 6 O2 + C6H12O6  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy Oxygen + Glucose  Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

39. __________ means oxygen is needed, while ____________ means oxygen is not needed. Aerobic Anaerobic

40. The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called _______ ____________. Cell division

41. Draw and label the 4 phases of mitosis in order from first to last. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

42. ________________ is the study of heredity. Genetics

43. Human body cells have _______ chromosomes, while human gametes have _______ chromosomes.

44. What is the final result of the entire process of meiosis? 4 different haploid cells

45. A ____________________ is an organism’s genetic information written in the form of allele pairs, while a _____________________ is an organism’s physical appearance. Genotype Phenotype

46. An organism that is homozygous has two alleles that are the _________, while an organism that is heterozygous has two alleles that are ____________. Same Different