Forgetting.

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Forgetting. The loss of information or the inability to access previously encoded information within memory Can be seen as beneficial as it gets rid of.

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Presentation transcript:

Forgetting

Seven Sins of Memory (Schacter, 1999) 3 sins of forgetting Absent-mindedness (encoding failure) inattention = encoding failure Transience (storage decay) use it or lose it Blocking (retrieval failure) can’t get it out

Seven Sins of Memory (Schacter, 1999) 3 sins of distortion Misattribution (source amnesia) Confusing the source of information Suggestibility Misinformation/leading questions = false memories Bias Memories influenced by our emotions or motivations Sin of intrusion Persistence Unwanted memories

Forgetting Sin #1: Encoding failure Selective attention leads to encoding failure If we don’t rehearse well enough information never makes it into our long- term Selecting information is necessary to normal functioning What doesn’t make it to long-term memory cannot be recalled (and is forgotten)

Forgetting Sin #2: Storage Decay Ebbinghaus (1885) demonstrated the exponential decay of information Forgetting curve shows the rapid loss in the beginning Forgetting slows over time Eventually stored information stabilizes and stays relatively permanent (Bahrick, 1984) Neural pathways (memory trace) fades

Forgetting Sin #3: Retrieval Failure Interference Information gets in the way of getting stored information out Proactive interference – old gets in the way of new Pro = old blocks new Difficult for old dog to learn new tricks Retroactive interference – new information gets in the way of old information Retro = new blocks old New math skill blocks old skill (especially when it’s easier) Interference is most likely when information is competing

Forgetting Sin #3: Retrieval Failure Positive transference When old actually helps store new Similar types of info can create multiple attachments Also can use existing pathways Motivated forgetting We censor information and forget or change information to meet our needs Repressed memories (Freud)

Memory Construction Memories include elements of truth and our own embellishments Misinformation influences our memory construction Imagination leads us to believe that something actually happens that did not False memories happen because of misinformation & imagination

Memory Construction Source amnesia Mix up events and combine memories First impressions influence our memories Leading questions can lead to false memories Check page 388 for information on child abuse and memories