Reduced chondrocyte proliferation, earlier cell cycle exit and increased apoptosis in neuronal nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice Q. Yan, Q. Feng,

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Reduced chondrocyte proliferation, earlier cell cycle exit and increased apoptosis in neuronal nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice Q. Yan, Q. Feng, F. Beier Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 20, Issue 2, Pages 144-151 (February 2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.11.014 Copyright © 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Loss of nNOS results in reduced growth and bone length. Analyses of body weight and length of wild type and nNOS homozygote null mice showed that growth retardation developed in nNOS-null mice during the first 42 days of their life (A). Measurement of selected individual bones confirmed reduced bone length in tibiae in postnatal day 21 mutant mice (B). At least eight mice per genotype are shown for each data point. (*P<0.05, mean±95% confidence interval) (WT: wild type; KO: knockout). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 144-151DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2011.11.014) Copyright © 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Lack of nNOS causes reduced numbers of proliferating chondrocytes. Safranin O/Fast Green staining of tibia growth plate sections from newborn mice demonstrated similar growth plate architecture in both genotypes (A and B). Detailed analyses of H&E stained sections in the resting, proliferative, and hypertrophic zones showed that the major differences occur in the proliferative zone (B). (RC: resting cells; PC: proliferating cells; HC: Hypertrophic cells). (Scale bar = 200μm). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 144-151DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2011.11.014) Copyright © 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 nNOS deficiency reduces chondrocyte proliferation and increases apoptosis. Immunohistochemical staining of newborn tibia sections for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; A) showed a reduction in stained cells in mutant mice, which was confirmed by cell counts (B); at least six mice per genotype are shown (∗P<0.05; mean±95% confidence interval). Increased staining for cleaved caspase 3 was found in hypertrophic chondrocyte in mutant tibia sections (C). In addition, immunohistochemistry showed that less cells expressed cyclin D1 (D) while expression of ATF3 protein was increased (E) in growth plates from newborn mutant mice (C) (Scale bar=200μm). Representative pictures from at least three independent experiments are shown. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 144-151DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2011.11.014) Copyright © 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Increased expression of early hypertrophic markers in nNOS-deficient chondrocytes. Expression of the cell-cycle inhibitor p57, which promotes cell cycle exit and is required for normal chondrocyte differentiation, was found increased in mutant mice by immunohistochemical analyses of newborn tibia sections (A). Immunohistochemistry also showed a similar increase in the number of cells expressing the transcription factors c-fos (B) and RORα (C) in sections from newborn mutants (Scale bar=200μm). Representative pictures from at least three independent experiments are shown. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 144-151DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2011.11.014) Copyright © 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 nNOS deficiency affects cartilage-specific gene expression. Real-time RT-PCR revealed decreased expression for Sox5 and Sox6 transcripts (A, B) and increased expression of mRNA levels for p57 and Mmp13 (C, D) in cartilage of KO mice. Transcript levels for Igf1 were significantly decreased in the mutant mice (E). mRNA levels of iNOS and eNOS were also found upregulated in nNOS KO cartilage (F, G). At least four independent experiments per genotype are shown (*P<0.05; mean±95% confidence interval). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 144-151DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2011.11.014) Copyright © 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 nNOS deficiency leads to reduced trabecular bone and calcium deposition. Mineralization of trabecular and cortical bone shown by Von Kossa staining in tibia sections from postnatal day 21 mice was clearly decreased in mutant mice (A). A similar lack of trabecular structures was also seen by picrosirius red staining for fibrillar collagen (B). Secondary ossification centers were advanced in control mice at postnatal day 12, but delayed in mutant mice (C). (Scale bar: 200μm for A, B, D; 50μm for C) Representative pictures from at least three independent experiments are shown. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 144-151DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2011.11.014) Copyright © 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions