Exploration, Colonization, and the Columbian Exchange

New Trade Routes sought by Europeans 1500s: Trade controlled by Arab & Venetian merchants Europeans wanted a cheaper, quicker route to Asia (avoiding conflict)

Changing Ways of Life Age of Exploration expands European economy Search for wealth led to the rise of modern capitalism— money invested in business to make profits.

New Inventions assisting in exploration Compass Astrolabe Better map making Better boats & sails

Commercial Revolution 1500s Banking (big business) Medici family (Florence) 1600s “nation” replaces the city and the village as the basis for economy. Banking families replaced by government chartered banks.

Increase in Wealth and Currency Gold and silver flowed to Europe (increasing wealth) Money was coined and widely used in currency for trade purposes

Bank Services (run by gov’t) Loans Deposits Banknotes Checks Exchanging of currencies

Wealthy Merchants Joint-stock companies—enable large & small investors to share profits and risks of a trading voyage (very stable) Gov’t supported joint-stock companies Have the power to make war, seize foreign ships, establish colonies, coin money Gov’t receives duties (taxes) on imported goods Ex: Dutch East India Company—monopoly on trade with Africa and East Indies

Increase in Money (change in business goals) Rise of entrepreneurs—put up capital with risk, but could make a lot of money Increase in trade Portugal, England, Spain, and Netherlands because they had largest colonial empires Trade routes move westward to Africa and the Americas

Mercantilism A state’s power depended on its wealth Measured by amount of bullion Nations gained wealth by acquiring gold & silver (Incas and Aztecs—Spain) Trade: more goods exported than imported, i.e. create a balance of trade. Gov’ts sold monopolies in certain industries Colonial holdings—source of raw materials and new markets

Columbian Exchange Definition: Global transfer of foods, plants and animals during the colonization of the Americas. Exchanging foods allowed items such as potatoes and corn to become part of the Europeans’ staple diet.

What if it hadn’t happened? “Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida, no bananas in Ecuador, no paprika in Hungary, no tomatoes in Italy, no pineapples in Hawaii, no rubber trees in Africa, no cattle in Texas, no burros in Mexico, no chili peppers in Thailand and India, no cigarettes in France and no chocolate in Switzerland. Even the dandelion was brought to America by Europeans for use as an herb.”

These foods helped people live healthier and longer lives— population boost Livestock Introduced: New World Old World Horses turkeys Cattle llamas Pigs alpacas Sheep guinea pigs Goats Chickens

Diseases Introduced: New World Old World Small pox, Syphilis Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow fever Influenza Common cold Typhus Diphtheria Whooping cough Cholera

Triangular Trade *Enslaved people from Africa came to the New World *Manufactured good came from Europe to the New World. *Raw materials from the Americas went to Europe

The Atlantic Slave Trade in Two minutes http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_history_of_american_slavery/2015/06/animated_interactive_of_the_history_of_the_atlantic_slave_trade.html?wpsrc=sh_all_mob_em_top

Effects of Global Exchange Europe’s population exploded 425 million in 1500 545 million in 1600 610 million in 1700 720 million in 1750 900 million in 1800 Population moves to centers of trade Trade expansion=>exchange of cultures through goods, people, technologies, ideas, and diseases.

(Continued) Peoples demand for goods & services rise Trading globally leads to increased movement of people seeking wealth, or fleeing economic distress and religious persecution

Expansion of Trade PROS CONS Spread of European language, culture, and religion (Christian missionaries) European interest in arts, style, and foods, esp. in Asia Drastic decline in Native American population Africans forcibly removed to Americas as slaves