Figure 4 TNFSF inflammatory activities in tissue cells

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Figure 4 TNFSF inflammatory activities in tissue cells Figure 4 | TNFSF inflammatory activities in tissue cells. The simplified diagram shows the possible interactions between TNF superfamily (TNFSF) ligands and their receptors expressed on tissue cells (epithelium, endothelium, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) that can affect tissue homeostasis and inflammatory activity. The TNFSF molecules lymphotoxin (LT) αβ, LIGHT and TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), together with TNF, are likely to be produced primarily by cells of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, as well as neutrophils, mast cells and innate lymphoid cells. Amplification loops from tissue structural cells, including endothelial and epithelial cells, might further induce production of these molecules. Signals from TNFR1, lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR), herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) and fibroblast growth factor-inducible protein 14 (Fn14) can directly promote tissue pathology through multiple processes, including differentiation events such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition and myofibroblast transformation, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells, expression of extracellular matrix proteins and proteinases that contribute to tissue remodelling, production of chemokines and adhesion molecules that attract and maintain inflammatory immune cells within the inflamed tissue. CD40 and death receptor 3 (DR3) are also expressed on some tissue cells such as fibroblasts and could further amplify their inflammatory activity (not shown). Furthermore, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and TWEAK are regulators of osteoclast activation and differentiation (also not shown). TNFSF might additionally synergize with proinflammatory T-cell-derived cytokines such as IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-22, which also have receptors on tissue structural cells. Croft, M. & Siegel, R. M. (2017) Beyond TNF: TNF superfamily cytokines as targets for the treatment of rheumatic diseases Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2017.22