Part 1: Segregation and Social Tensions The Gilded Age Part 1: Segregation and Social Tensions

1. Recontruction African American Amendments 13th Amendment = Abolished slavery 14th Amendment = Citizenship to former slaves 15th Amendment = African American right to vote.

2. Government Limits African American Voting Rights Jim Crow Laws = Laws that kept blacks and whites segregated. Poll Tax = Required voters to pay a tax to vote. Problem: Most African Americans could not afford to pay the tax. Literacy Test = Take a test to see how well educated you are. Problem: Most African Americans were denied an education. Grandfather Clauses = Allowed people to vote as long as their ancestors voted. Problem: Most ancestors of African Americans were slaves and could not vote.

3. The Struggle for African American Suffrage African American Vote After Slavery 1865 Civil War ends Reconstruction begins 1870s Reconstruction ends. 15th Amendment 1950s-1960s Civil Rights movement begins. 1900s-1940s Jim Crow laws prevent African Americans from voting Plessy vs Ferguson effected social equality for Black Americans from 1896 to 1960’s

4. Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the South, 1889-1950’s

social reality SOCIAL REALITY 5. Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 Supreme Court legalized segregation throughout the nation. “Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities were equal Problem: Black facilities never equal to White facilities

US would be segregated until the 1960’s. SOCIAL REALITY Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 US would be segregated until the 1960’s.

6.Booker T. Washington How do Black Americans overcome segregation? Southern Perspective Former slave Wrote a book/Up From Slavery Don’t confront segregation head on Before you are considered equal in society--must be self sufficient like most Americans Stressed vocational education for Black Americans Gradualism and economic self-sufficiency Founder of Tuskegee Institute Born into slavery in Virginia in the mid-to-late 1850s, Booker T. Washington put himself through school and became a teacher after the Civil War. In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama (now known as Tuskegee University), which grew immensely and focused on training African Americans in agricultural pursuits. A political adviser and writer, Washington clashed with intellectual W.E.B. Du Bois over the best avenues for racial uplift.

7. W.E.B. Dubois How do Black Americans overcome segregation? Northern Perspective Fought for immediate Black equality in society Talented 10%: Demanded the top 10% of the talented Black population be placed into the “power positions” Gain equality by breaking into power structure Founder of NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Scholar and activist W.E.B. Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. In 1895, he became the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University. Du Bois wrote extensively and was the best known spokesperson for African-American rights during the first half of the 20th century. He co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909. Du Bois died in Ghana in 1963.

W.E.B. Dubois How do Black Americans overcome segregation? Northern Perspective Fought for immediate Black equality in society Talented 10%: Demanded the top 10% of the talented Black population be placed into the “power positions” Gain equality by breaking into power structure Founder of NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

8. Improving Conditions for African Americans Anti-Lynching – Ida B. Wells –Free Speech. A daughter of slaves, Ida B. Wells was born in Holly Springs, Mississippi, on July 16, 1862. A journalist, Wells led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s, and went on to found and become integral in groups striving for African-American justice. She died in 1931 in Chicago, Illinois. Marion, Indiana 1930

9. According to the Tuskegee Institute, 4,742 lynchings occurred between 1882-1968. 90% of the victims were Southern 73% of the victims were black 27% of the victims were white <Http://faculty.berea.edu/browners/chesnutt/classroom/lynching_table_year.html> Tuskegee Institute statistics

Lynchings of Whites/Blacks South’s Backlash1 Lynchings of Whites/Blacks 0 to 20 20 to 60 60 to 100 100 to 200 200 or more

For which crime was someone lynched? Lynching took the place of “the merry-go-round, the theatre, symphony orchestra” (H.L. Mencken) For which crime was someone lynched? For illegal crimes, such as murder, rape, or theft But also, people were lynched for insulting a white person, buying a car… Or even, especially if it was a black lynching, for no crime at all. Just to remind blacks to stay in their place. Cut off body parts as souvenirs often committed with participation by law enforcement Thousands of spectators (15,000 @ Waco-Jesse Washington)

10. Chinese Immigrants and Discrimination As African Americans were facing discrimination in the South, Chinese immigrants were facing segregation in the West. 1879, California barred cities from hiring people of Chinese ancestry. Chinese Exclusion Act “oriental” schools for children

11. Abuses and Discrimination of Mexican Americans Mexican Americans in the West had to show proof that they owned the land they were living on. Problem: Most land was communally owned , not individually, so it made it difficult to show who owned the land. Legal customs were also different among the two groups. If proof couldn’t be shown, they had to give up their land. Many people living in the West were Mexican American and did not have any representation in the U.S. government, so it made it difficult for them to challenge land policies.

12. Mexican Americans Fight Back In the Southwest, Mexican Americans resented the loss of land and chose to fight back. Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California Las Gorras Blancas = Mexican American group who targeted the property of large ranch owners by cutting holes in fences and burning houses.

13. Women Fight For Amendments Many women felt betrayed because they were not included in the 14th and 15th amendments. National Woman Suffrage Association = Formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Association fought for an amendment to allow women the right to vote. 19th Amendment would not happen until 1920.

14. Women Break Other Barriers By 1900, one third of all college students were women. Women fought for other social issues: Public health and welfare reform The Temperance Movement (ban on the sale of liquor) Settlement houses Child labor