Faculty Development Programme QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION (November 12 – 17, 2018) Reforms in School education in Rajasthan (Outcome: All India Rank from 26 to 3 in 2014-18) IITM, Janakpuri, NEW DELHI – 110058 Dr Shyam Sundar Agarwal, Director, IITM.

State Profile All data pertain to year 2011 Rajasthan India Area 3,42,239 sq. km. 32,87,263 sq. km. Population 6.86 cr. 121.05 cr. Population Density 200 Persons per sq. km. 382 Persons per sq. km. Sex Ratio 928 943 Literacy Rate (Total) 67.1 73.0 Literacy Rate (Male) 80.5 80.9 Literacy Rate (Female) 52.7 64. 6 All data pertain to year 2011

School Education

School Education: Present Structure Teachers (1.11.13) Students Schools (2013-14) Sanctioned Working Govt. (30.9.12) Pvt. Unit In No. In Lakh Primary 47,389 2.64* 2.38 48.66 38.03 Upper Primary 23,125 20.66 18.31 Secondary 9,309 1.40 0.91 10.89 12.10 Sr. Secondary 4,838 5.33 8.15 Total 84,661 4.04 3.29 85.54 76.59 * Single Teacher schools 7,216. (10.23%) * No. of schools per 10 sq Km. PS - 3.06 & UPS -1.80 (All India 3.62 & 1.76)

Best Performing States Access to schooling Indicators India Rajasthan Best Performing States Retention Rate (Class I-V) 80.07 66.78 95.01 (HP) 93.29 (Gujarat) Transition Rate (PS to UPS) 86.74 90.08 99.01 (Gujarat) 90.33 (Punjab) Transition Rate (UPS to Sec.) 92.67 90.11 99.44 (Maharashtra) 95.21 (AP) Transition Rate (Sec. to Sr. Sec.) 58.34 48.94 90.87 (UP) 81.02 (HP) High drop out rate at primary level – 33.22%. Out of 100 students enrolled in class I, only 54 reach Sec. and 27 reach in Sr. Sec. level. Very low transition rate from Sec. to Sr. Sec. implies poor access to facilities. Source- Flash Statistics 2012-13, NUEPA

Best Performing States Access to schooling Indicators India Rajasthan Best Performing States Gross Enrolment Ratio (PS) 105.98 106.36 120.59 (MP) 110.17 (Jharkhand) Gross Enrolment Ratio (UPS) 82.50 79.33 97.13(Kerala) Net Enrolment Ratio (6-10 yrs.) 90.78 81.50 96.67 (UP) 93.19 (WB) Net Enrolment Ratio (11-14 yrs.) 64.24 56.64 80.08 (Kerala) 75.88 (TN) Large no. of children not enrolled in class appropriate for their age- - 25% in class I –V - 23% in Class VI- VIII, resulting in higher drop-out rate for Sr. Sec. level.

No. of schools per village Students per Class (Govt.) School Education: Institutional availability (Rural Area) Schools Enrol ment (Govt.) Total Enrolment No. of schools per village Students per Class (Govt.) Govt.. Pvt. Total Section (No.) (lakh) Primary (1-5) 68,278 13,695 81,973 45.01 83.94 2.06 13 Upper Primary (6-8) 32,839 18,050 50,889 20.39 38.96 1.28 21 Secondary (9-10) 12,583 8,405 20,988 9.71 16.62 0.53 38 Sr. Sec. (11-12) 3,497 3,415 6,912 3.68 7.53 0.17 52 No of villages: 39753 ; Gram Panchayats: 9177 (Ratio: 4.33)

Prognosis Integrated schools (1 to 12) Consolidation / Merger of Schools Inadequate availability of Sr. Sec. schools. At least one Sr. Sec. School in each Gram Panchayat (In Kerala this ratio is 2.5, compared to 0.3 in Rajasthan at present) About 6000 Sec. schools need to be upgraded to Sr. Sec. level. Adequate availability of elementary schools: 2 PS per village and 1.28 UPS per village. New PS and UPS are not required. Rather, we must ensure quality teaching.

Quality Indicators (Elementary Education) National Achievement Survey ( NAS) National average score Highest performing State/ score Lowest performing State/score Rajasthan score (Rank) Average score in language 257 Tripura (281) Chhattisgarh (226) 238 (29) Average score in Mathematics 252 Daman & Diu (279) Chhattisgarh (222) 236 (31) source: NCERT's NAS (Cycle 3), 2014: Data for class 3

Quality Indicators (Elementary Education) ASER 2013 Report (Rank) Learning level standard 3 – 5 standard 6 – 8 % children who can read / do Std. 1 level text Subtraction Std. 2 level text Division India 54.8 39.7 65.7 38.9 Rajasthan 52.8 (20) 37.4 (20) 70.1 (14) 42.6 (13) AP 68.3 (10) 57.6 (8) 72.3 (12) 51.9 (9) Kerala 77.8 (5) 60.6 (7) 87.9 (1) 56.0 (7) TN 50.2 (22) 39.2 (18) 56.9 (23) 30.9 (20) Karnataka 56.6 (16) 45.0 (13) 63.1 (19) 37.4 (15) Mizoram 80.2 (1) 77.8 (1) 82.5 (4) 72.3 (1) source: ASER 2013 (2014) (For classes I - VIII) Northern states of MP and UP fare worse than Rajasthan

. Quality Indicators (Secondary / Sr. Secondary): Board Result (RBSE 2012-13) India Rajasthan Boys Girls Total Secondary 79.32 79.88 79.58 67.28 64.72 66.24 Sr. Secondary 72.46 77.93 74.98 79.55 87.65 82.54 Source: Flash Statistics 2012-13, NUEPA Students appearing in recent advanced IIT admission test CBSE : 41.99% AP : 13.47% Maharashtra : 7.62% Gujarat : 6% [Source: Hindustan Times (24.5.14)]

Changes proposed Examination reform : Introduction of optional 8th Board – more than 1.83 lac plus students appearing in 2014. Internal examination reforms – Class 1 to 8 One Model School (English Medium) at each block head quarter. Introduction of English medium teaching in schools at block HQ and above. Scholar examination after class 3,5,7,9 and 11. Strengthening of supervisory functionaries’ network. Evaluation of teachers, correlating to students’ performance Incentive structure in tandem with performance like transfer policy, APAR entries for teachers, scholarships to students etc. Ensuring teachers’ accountability with online monitoring to ensure less absenteeism.

Best Performing States Girls Education Indicators India Rajasthan Best Performing States Gender Parity Index (PS) 0.94 0.88 0.99 (Bihar) 0.99 (Assam) Gender Parity Index (UPS) 0.95 0.81 0.99(M.P.) 0.95(Kerala) Gender Parity Index (Sec.) 0.89 0.70 1.11(WB) 1.09(Assam) Gender Parity Index (Sr. Sec.) 0.87 0.63 1.15(TN) 1.09(Kerala) School visits indicate parents’ preference to send girls to Govt. schools located in close proximity only. In private schools, boys to girls ratio is 65:35, implying better quality of education and priority given to these schools for boys. Spread of Govt. Sr. Sec. schools must increase for improved access to girls.

Way forward Education voucher for girls for private schooling, if no Govt. school exists. Mobility support to girls – Transport Voucher / Cycle distribution 50% reservation for girls in RtE admissions Girls hostels in all educationally backward blocks for Secondary classes Incentive schemes / special scholarship for meritorious girls.

Availability of Teachers- Secondary Education Sr. Secondary Secondary Required Existing Vacancy Principal / HM 4,455 2,705 1,750 9,442 7,607 1,835 Math 737 236 501 14,111 9,899 4,212 Science 3,447 1,795 1,652 13,570 10,505 3,065 English 4,452 2,015 2,437 13,213 9,722 3,491 Others 23,537 10,512 13,025 26,722 18,424 8,298 Subject Teacher (Total) 32,173 14,558 17,615 67,616 48,550 19,066 Acute shortage of subject teachers in Sec. / Sr. Sec. Schools Skewed distribution of teachers.

Elementary Schools (Less Enrolment) Teacher 142 251 1-15 8,164 14,655 PS 5,153 8,362 UPS 3,011 6,293 16-30 19,707 42,150 13,778 24,284 5,929 17,866 Total 28,013 57,056 Non availability of critical mass at elementary level. Rationalization of teachers / schools within RtE norms. Recruitment of teachers of appropriate level

Expenditure per Student per Annum Year Elementary Education Secondary Education Exp. (Cr.) No of students (lac) Exp. per Student 2010-11 5,850.06 59.04 9,908 3435.40 22.32 15,391 2011-12 6,689.97 59.48 11,247 3937.70 24.95 15,782 2012-13 7,427.36 56.86 13,058 4497.61 25.38 17,721 Very high per child expenditure in Govt. schools as compared to fees of private schools in rural areas (80% private schools in rural areas have fee less than Rs. 500 per month per student.) Good performing private schools may be considered as alternate to Govt. schools - Education Voucher Scheme.

Infrastructure GAP as per RTE (Elementary Education) S.N. Activity Gap Under Execution (2014-15) Remaining Gap Requirement of Fund (in Cr.) 1 Primary School Building 1,313 (1.87%) 940 (SSA) 373 (0.56%) 82.06 2 Additional Class Room 3,768 (5.60%) 2,609 1,159 (1.75%) 49.26 3 Boundary wall 13,897 (21.20%) - 625.36 4 Kitchen Shed 8,949 (15.10%) (PR & RD) Nil 5 Toilet 1,364 (2.05%) (SSA & NBA) 6 Drinking Water 2,308 (3.45%) (SSA & PHED) Total 31,599 16,170 15,429 756.68 Huge funds are required for construction of boundary Wall.

Infrastructure GAP (Secondary Education) S.N. Activity Gap Under Execution (2014-15) Remaining Gap Requirement of Fund (in Cr.) 1 Additional Class Rooms 9,075 3,502 5,573 478.16 2 Integrated Science Lab 12,356 3,034 9,322 903.30 3 Computer Room 9,571 2,636 6,935 529.83 4 Art and Craft Rooms 12,012 3,374 8,638 645.25 5 Library Rooms 9,818 1,660 8,158 805.19 6 Toilet 1,190 1,164 26 1.63 7 Water Block 289 144 145 1.66 Total 54,311 15,514 38,797 3365.02

Proposed action Gaps in elementary being addressed through SSA . For Secondary schools, State may supplement RMSA, GoI-funding. Convergence from PR & RD for boundary walls in Elementary Schools. State may supplement maintenance grant in SSA. Funding from PR dept. for maintenance of toilets.

Teachers’ Training Strengthening of DIETs ; Augmentation of BSTC intake capacity in phased manner. Teacher training on new text books, English medium teaching. Subject training in Science, Mathematics and English. Induction training for new teachers and HMs. Training of HM on leadership development / capacity building like Piramal Foundation courses. Training on ICT for better educational outcomes.

Progress upto 2018-19 More than 16,000 schools were amalgamated / coordinated in 2015-16 and another 5,000+ thereafter. About 6, 000 schools were upgraded to Sr Sec level, with 1 per Gram panchayat. Policy for such unification was based on: - Only in a Revenue village, - With the highest ranking school, preferably in a Senior Secondary School. (1 for classes 1-12) Result: Enrolment of students in Govt. Schools went up from 60+ lakhs to 85+ lakhs (+40%). Rajasthan now ranks 3rd in india. (Earlier 26th) amongst states.

Thank you