DNA Structure.

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Presentation transcript:

DNA Structure

DNA Structure DNA consists of two molecules that are arranged into a ladder-like structure called a Double Helix. A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called Nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of: Phosphate group Pentose sugar Nitrogenous base

} NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids are polymers Monomer---nucleotides Nitrogenous bases Purines Pyrimidines Sugar Ribose Deoxyribose Phosphates +nucleoside=nucleotide } Nucleosides

The Sugars A Nucleotide consists of : a nitrogenous base: purine (Adenine (A) or Guanine (G)) or pyrimidine (Cytosine (C) or Thymine (T) (or Uracil (U)in RNA)). a sugar : Deoxyribose (DNA) or Ribose (RNA). a phosphate group A sugar and a base form a Nucleoside. A Nucleotide is a phosphorylated nucleoside. Inter-nucleotide linkages are formed by a phosphodiester bond between a 5'-phosphate group and the 3'-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide sugar. The nucleotide sequence encodes the information required for constructing proteins.

Bases of DNA (and RNA) Purines: Pyrimidines: DNA only RNA only NOTE: deamination of cytosine= Uracil Deamination of methyl-cytosine =thymine Demethylation of thymine= uracil RNA only DNA only

NUCLEOTIDES Phosphate Nitrogenous Base Pentose Sugar

Nucleotides The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the “rungs”. There are four types of nitrogenous bases.

Nucleotides Each base will only bond with one other specific base. Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Form a base pair. Form a base pair.

Nucleotides and Nucleosides Nucleosides consist of a base (pyrimidine or purine) attached to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose). Nucleotides are nucleoside phosphates Nucleotides may be nucleoside monophosphates, diphosphates or triphosphates or NMPs, NDPs, and NTPs, respectively

DNA Stabilization– Complementary Base Pairing Point out purines and pyrimidines. Note how the width can be maintained by the pyrimidine/purine pairing .

Chemical Structure of DNA and RNA Figure 4.1 The C is named 1’-5’ 4’ 1’ 2’ Nucleotide Nucleoside RNA DNA

DNA Stabilization--H-bonding between DNA base pair stacks

Physical Structure

DNA is Dynamic Like proteins, DNA has 3º structure Why so many deviations from normal conformation? Effects on transcription (gene expression) Enhances responsiveness May also serve in packaging NOTE: most cellular DNA exists as protein containing supercoils DNA has 3º structure. All these deviations from the normal conformation give living systems another means by which the can regulate transcription (i.e. gene expression). Enhances responsiveness. May also serve in packaging.

DNA Structure Because of this complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in one strand determines the order of the bases in the other strand.

DNA Structure To crack the genetic code found in DNA we need to look at the sequence of bases. The bases are arranged in triplets called codons. A G G - C T C - A A G - T C C - T A G T C C - G A G - T T C - A G G - A T C

DNA Structure A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein. Each unique gene has a unique sequence of bases. This unique sequence of bases will code for the production of a unique protein. It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us a unique phenotype.

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