Financial Planning

Financial Planning The process of developing and implementing a coordinated series of financial plans to achieve financial success.

Common Financial Behaviors BEWARE! No clear goals Disorganized records Lack of economic understanding Flawed decision making

Components of Successful Financial Planning Specified values Explicitly stated goals Informed economic projections Logical and consistent financial strategies

For Capital Accumulation Economic Data Living Expenses Earnings Managerial Effort Planning Decision Making Implementing Controlling Evaluating Coping and Adapting Feedback Communication Values Attitudes Lifestyle Wants Needs Relationships Money Wealth Achievement Of Financial Objectives Financial Plans For Spending/Saving For Risk Management For Capital Accumulation Input Throughput Output

Financial Statements FUNCTIONS PERFORMED: Compilation of financial data Communicate information Indicate financial condition Prepares user to read corporate financial statements

Assets- Liabilities = Net Worth The Balance Sheet VALUE OF EVERYTHING OWNED MINUS EVERYTHING OWED: Assets – Items owned Liabilities- Items owed Net worth– Difference between what one owns and owes. Assets- Liabilities = Net Worth

Assets Monetary or Liquid assets Tangible or Household assets Investment assets

Liabilities Short-term liabilities – anything that will be paid off in 12 months or less. Long-term liabilities—anything that will still have a balance after 12 months.

Income - Expense Statement SUMMARY OF CASH-FLOW TRANSACTIONS OVER TIME: Income – How much you made. Expenses – How much you spent. Net gain or loss—How much you have left. Income – Expenses = Net gain or loss

Incomes Salaries or wages Bonuses and commissions Child support and alimony Public assistance Social Security and pensions

Incomes Scholarships and grants Interest and dividends Income from the sale of assets Other income (gifts, tax refunds, rent, royalties)

Expenses Fixed expenses—items that are the same every month (you don’t have control over these). e.g. house payment, car payment, insurance premium Variable expenses—expense changes based on the way you live (you have control over these). e.g. meals, utilities, entertainment

Income Statement

Balance Sheet

Financial Ratios OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENTS OF FINANCIAL STATUS: Basic liquidity ratio Debt-to-asset ratio Debt-service-to-income ratio Investment-assets-to-net-worth ratio

Basic Liquidity Ratio = Monetary (Liquid) Assets Using the information from the Balance Sheet earlier in this presentation Basic Liquidity Ratio = Monetary (Liquid) Assets Monthly Expenses = $1,800 $1,445 = 1.25 This ratio shows that this person could pay their monthly expenses for 1.25 months using monetary assets.

Liquidity Ratio Liquidity Ratio = Liquid Assets Current Liabilities Using the information from the Balance Sheet earlier in this presentation Liquidity Ratio = Liquid Assets Current Liabilities = $1,800 $1,620 = 1.11 This ratio shows that this person has $1.11 liquid assets for every $1 of current liabilities.

Debt-to-Asset Ratio Debt-to-Asset Ratio = Total Debt Total Assets = $3,620 $6,200 = .58 If your debt is greater than your assets you are technically insolvent.

Debt Service-to-Income Ratio 1 AnnualDebt Repayment Gross Income Debt Service-to-Income Ratio = = $1,800 $12,000 = .15 or 15% 2 The Annual Debt Payment for this calculation includes mortgage Annual debt payment in this example is the car loan monthly payment x 12 months ($150 x 12 = $1,800). A ratio of 36% or less indicates that gross income is adequate to make debt repayments.

Debt Payment-to-Disposable Income Ratio Monthly nonmortgage debt payments Disposable income Disposable income is the amount of take-home pay remaining after all deductions are withheld for taxes. A ratio greater than 20% is considered problematic.

Savings during the period Disposable income during the period Savings Rate Savings Rate Savings Rate = Savings during the period Disposable income during the period = $55 $1,250* = .044 or 4.4% Describes what percent of disposable income you are saving. *$1,500 - $250 = $1,250

Good Debt vs. Bad Debt Debt incurred for consumption is bad debt. = Debt Danger Ratio Annual Income Debt Danger Ratio beyond 25% can spell trouble.

Assessing Financial Progress Balance sheet Income - expense statement Financial ratios Am I spending, saving, and investing money where I really want to?

Financial Recordkeeping DETERMINE: Where you are Where you have been Where you are going

Recordkeeping Issues Original source records Safeguarding/storage of records Use of computer software

Key Words and Concepts Assets include everything you own that has monetary value. Balance Sheet (or net worth statement) describes an individual’s or family’s financial condition on a specified date. Diversification of investments means the investor puts money in a variety of investments. Fair Market Value is the amount a buyer would pay a willing seller. Financial Goals are the specific long- and short-term objectives to be attained through financial planning and management efforts. Financial Planning is the process of developing and implementing a coordinated series of financial plans to achieve financial success. Financial Ratios are objective numerical calculations designed to simplify making judgmental assessments of financial strength over time. Financial Statements are compilations of personal financial data designed to communicate information on money matters Financial Strategies are preestablished plans of action to be implemented in specific situations. Fixed Expenses are usually paid in the same amount during each time period. Income and Expense (or cash flow) Statement lists and summarizes income and expense transactions that have taken place over a specific period of time.

Key Words and Concepts (Cont.) Insolvent means net worth is negative. Investment assets (also known as capital assets) include tangible and intangible items acquired for the monetary benefits they provide. Liquidity is the speed and ease with which an asset can be converted into cash. Liabilities are your debt (what you owe). Long-term Liability is an obligation that will be paid off in more than one year. Monetary Assets (or liquid assets) include cash and near-cash items that can be readily converted to cash. Net Gain/Loss shows the amount of money left after you subtract expenses from income. Net Worth is the dollar amount left when what is owed is subtracted from the dollar value of what is owned. Everything should be calculated at fair market value. Short-term (or current) Liability is an obligation that will be paid off within one year. Tangible (or use) Assets are physical assets that have fairly long lifespans and could be sold to raise cash but whose primary purpose is to provide maintenance of one’s lifestyle. Values are fundamental beliefs about what is important, desirable, and worthwhile. Variable Expenses are expenditures over which and individual has considerable control.

Key Words and Concepts (Concl.) Financial Ratios: Basic Liquidity Ratio: monetary (liquid) assets monetary expenses Reveals the number of months a family could continue to meets its expenses from monetary assets after a total loss of income. Families should have a basic liquidity ratio of 3. Debt-to-Asset Ratio: total debt total assets Measures the solvency and ability to pay debt Debt Service-to-Income Ratio: annual debt repayments gross income Provides an incisive view of the total debt burden of an individual. A ratio of .36 or less indicates that gross income is adequate to make debt repayments. Investment Assets-to-Net Worth Ratio: investment assets net worth Expresses how well an individual is advancing toward their financial goals for capital accumulation. Experts recommend 50% or higher. Savings Rate: savings during the period disposable income during the period Calculates the percent of disposable income an individual is saving.