The Civil Rights Movement Review “Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.” -Martin Luther King Jr. By: Daniel Kumapayi

The Civil Rights Movement -Became more apparent during JFK Presidency -Martin Luther King Jr. played a imperative role in leading the forefront of the civil rights movement -The Voting Rights Act of 1965 marked the end of nonviolent demonstrations -Watts Riots (1965)-Blacks retaliated seeking not interracial cooperation, but black separatism. These riots focused on northern and western cities -Whites tried to deny blacks their right to vote, with methods such as poll tax, literacy test, and barefaced intimidation. -In the North, the Black Power movement focused less on civil rights and more on economic demands -In 1965, even though blacks made up 50% of the population in Selma, Alabama, only 1% were voters

Key Information Civil Rights Act of 1964-Banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public Voting Rights Act of 1965-Outlawed literacy tests and sent federal voter registrars into several southern states’ “March on Washington”-Dr. King delivered his “I have a dream speech” Malcolm X preached black separatism, while Dr. King advocated integration 24th Amendment-Abolished the poll tax in federal elections Plessy V. Ferguson-Allowed for “separate but equal” facilities Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas-Justices ruled that segregation in the public schools was “inherently unequal” Declaration of Constitutional Principles (1956)-Signed by southern congressional representative and senators, who pledged their resistance to desegregation. (The deep south was slow and resistant to “all deliberate speed”)

Key Individuals to Take Note of: Martin Luther King Jr.-Leader of SCLC, who lead the peaceful “March on Washington”, where he delivered his “I have a dream speech”. He also lead a campaign to end discrimination in Birmingham, Alabama. (Integration) Malcolm X-Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time. (Separatism) Stokely Carmichael-Leader of SNCC, who soon turned his beliefs over to the side Black Power John F. Kennedy-When southern officials proved unwilling or unable to quell the violence, Washington dispatched federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders. This action lead to the Kennedy administration reluctantly but fatefully, joining hands with civil rights movement Emmett Till- At age 14, in mississippi, he was brutally murdered for flirting with a white woman. George C. Wallace- Headed the American Independent party, who strongly advocated segregation He amassed the amassed the largest third-party popular vote in American history.

Conclusion The Civil Rights Movements played a important role is shaping America. Blacks had been treated brutally, but through perseverance they fought for better rights. Even though discrimination still continues today, organizations such as the NAACP, have been formed to put an end to it.