The French and Indian War 1. Border disputes =Ohio River Valley 2 The French and Indian War 1. Border disputes =Ohio River Valley 2. Britain = dominant colonial power in North America 3. France loses land to Spain

Competing European Claims In the mid-1700’s, France and England had competing claims for land in North America. The French held trapping and trade routes in the Ohio River Valley. The English colonies were encroaching on French territory are the population grew. France and Britain wanted land in the Ohio River Valley, but for different reasons.

Competing European Claims

The Battle of Fort Necessity The French set up forts along WATERWAYS to protect their fur trading interests. British advances were designed to conquer French forts along important waterways so they could control those waterways. Virginia Governor Dinwiddie dispatched a young George Washington in 1753 to deliver a protest to the French. This protest was ignored. In response, the British sent a party to construct a fort on the site of modern Pittsburgh. Young George Washington

The Albany Congress In 1754, war was inevitable. The colonies sent delegates to Albany to discuss strategy for common defense. They approved a document written by Benjamin Franklin promoting a substructure of government below British authority to govern the colonies. The council would be comprised of elected representatives from each colony and headed by a President-General appointed by the crown. The colonies were not ready for political union and it is unlikely that the British government would have supported the plan. "Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is considered the first political cartoon of the colonies. Franklin was symbolizing each part of the snake as a colony to show that without one another they might all die. Franklin’s advice to the colonies was to UNITE together as one and to be a strong, successful force.

From the Albany Plan of Union (1754) From the Constitution (1787) “[the President]…he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed…” “[the President]…shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur…” “[Congress will] regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes…” “[Congress will] raise and support Armies…To provide and maintain a Navy…” “The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises…” 9. That the assent of the President-General be requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and that it be his office and duty to cause them to be carried into execution. 10. That the President-General, with the advice of the Grand Council, hold or direct all Indian treaties… and make peace or declare war with Indian nations. 11. That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian trade. … 15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies… 16. That for these purposes they have power to make laws, and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes… The Albany Plan of UNION was the colonists’ first attempt at working together as a representative body.

The Seven Years War in Europe The French and Indian War was the North American theatre of a larger conflict, the Seven Years War, in Europe. Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France, Austria, Saxony, Russia, Sweden and Spain. Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to fight in Europe and committed British troops and resources to winning the war against the French in North America. The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to 1763.

Fortunes Reverse In 1757, expansion advocate William Pitt became the British Prime Minister and vowed to lead country to victory. Pitt concentrated on: expelling the French from North America buying the cooperation by the colonists by stimulating the North American economy with a massive infusion of British currency buying the support of the Native Americans with promises of fixed territorial boundaries. The tide of battle turned in the French and Indian War with Prime Minister Pitt’s leadership of the British.

Fortunes Reverse The British captured forts and cities from 1758-1760 during the French and Indian War. Quebec in 1759 Montreal in 1760 In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and took French colonies in the Caribbean. The French Empire in North America came to an end.

French Defeat: Treaty of Easton The Treaty of Easton, signed in 1758, essentially sealed France’s fate. In the treaty, the British promised the Six Iroquois Nations to stop settlements west of the Alleghenies in exchange for their neutrality in the war. This caused the French to abandon Fort Duquesne and, by 1760, Detroit and Montreal, the last two French strongholds in North America, had fallen. This was the end of major fighting in North America.

The Treaty of Paris The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain and ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to the British. The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the Eastern seaboard. The negotiation of the Treaty of Paris and the loss of land during the war allowed France to lose power in North America.

Pontiac's Rebellion Native Americans quickly grew disenchanted with the British. The British exhibited little cultural sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed to stop encroachments on Indian land. This unrest culminated in a rebellion by Pontiac, a Native American leader who united various tribes with the goal of expelling the British. The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766. Massacres and atrocities occurred on both sides— most notably, British General Jeffrey Amherst gave the Native Americans blankets infested with smallpox.

Chief Pontiac Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie Indians (May 5, 1763) “It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. … When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. … Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.” The British law issued as a result of Chief Pontiac’s speech was The Proclamation of 1763.

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians. Forbade American colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of the Revolutionary War.

Photo and Text Citations Slide 2: http://www.clements.umich.edu/Exhibits/g.washington/case.07/07e.jpg Slide 3: http://www.teachkidshistory.com/revolutionary-war/french-indian-war.jpg Slide 4: http://www.georgewashington.si.edu/life/chrono_military.html Slide 5: http://www.fortedwards.org/cwffa/f-i-series/part5-27.jpg Slide 6: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/us.capitol/one.jpg Slide 7: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerdoc/albany.htm http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.articleii.html#section2 Slide 8: http://www.csulb.edu/~aisstudy/nae/chapter_1/001_002_1.46.jpg Slide 9: http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/Maps/map-7YrsWar-1756-1763.jpg Slide 10: http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images3/chatham.jpg Slide 11: http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/west_deathwolfe.jpg Slide 12: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/1/1f/350px-FortDuquesne.jpg Slide 13: http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/images/british-era-1763-75.jpg Slide 14: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h598.html Slide 15: http://asp1.umbc.edu/newmedia/sites/chetah/pdf/r2.pdf Slide 16: http://classes.maxwell.syr.edu/his101/pix/proc.jpg Slide 17: http://www.hfcsd.org/marozell/images/bloody%20pond.jpg