Figure: 3.CO Title: Wrinkled and Round Garden Peas Caption: Wrinkled and round garden peas, the phenotypic traits in one of Mendel’s monohybrid crosses.

Figure: 3.1 Title: Mendel’s Seven Monohybrid Crosses Caption: Seven pairs of contrasting traits and the results of Mendel’s seven monohybrid crosses of the garden pea (Pisum sativum). In each case, pollen derived from plants exhibiting one trait was used to fertilize the ova of plants exhibiting the other trait. In the F1 generation, one of the two traits was exhibited by all plants. The contrasting trait reappeared in approximately 1/4 of the F2 plants.

Figure: 3.2 Title: A Monohybrid Cross Caption: The monohybrid cross between tall (D) and dwarf (d) pea plants. Individuals are shown in rectangles, and gametes in circles.

Figure: 3.2a Title: A Monohybrid Cross Caption: The monohybrid cross between tall (D) and dwarf (d) pea plants. Individuals are shown in rectangles, and gametes in circles.

Figure: 3.2b Title: A Monohybrid Cross Caption: The monohybrid cross between tall (D) and dwarf (d) pea plants. Individuals are shown in rectangles, and gametes in circles.

Figure: 3.3 Title: Punnett Square Caption: Punnett square generating the F2 ratio of the F1x F1 cross shown in Figure 3–2.

Figure: 3.3a Title: Punnett Square Caption: Punnett square generating the F2 ratio of the F1x F1 cross shown in Figure 3–2.

Figure: 3.3b Title: Punnett Square Caption: Punnett square generating the F2 ratio of the F1x F1 cross shown in Figure 3–2.

Figure: 3.4 Title: Test Cross of a Single Character Caption: Test cross of a single character. In (a), the tall parent is homozygous, but in (b), the tall parent is heterozygous. The genotype of each tall P1 plant can be determined by examining the offspring when each is crossed to a homozygous recessive dwarf plant.

Figure: 3.5 Title: Mendel's Dihybrid Crosses Caption: F1 and F2 results of Mendel’s dihybrid crosses, where the plants on the top left with yellow, round seeds are crossed with plants having green, wrinkled seeds, and the plants on the top right with yellow, wrinkled seeds are crossed with plants having green, round seeds.

Figure: 3.6 Title: Combined Probabilities of a Dihybrid Cross Caption: Computation of the combined probabilities of each F2 phenotype for two independently inherited characters. The probability of each plant’s being yellow or green is independent of the probability of its bearing round or wrinkled seeds.

Figure: 3.7 Title: Analysis of a Dihybrid Cross Caption: Analysis of the dihybrid crosses shown in Figure 3–5. The F1 heterozygous plants are self-fertilized to produce an F2 generation, which is computed using a Punnett square. Both the phenotypic and genotypic F2 ratios are shown.

Figure: 3.7a Title: Analysis of a Dihybrid Cross Caption: Analysis of the dihybrid crosses shown in Figure 3–5. The F1 heterozygous plants are self-fertilized to produce an F2 generation, which is computed using a Punnett square. Both the phenotypic and genotypic F2 ratios are shown.

Figure: 3.7b Title: Analysis of a Dihybrid Cross Caption: Analysis of the dihybrid crosses shown in Figure 3–5. The F1 heterozygous plants are self-fertilized to produce an F2 generation, which is computed using a Punnett square. Both the phenotypic and genotypic F2 ratios are shown.

Figure: 3.7c Title: Analysis of a Dihybrid Cross Caption: Analysis of the dihybrid crosses shown in Figure 3–5. The F1 heterozygous plants are self-fertilized to produce an F2 generation, which is computed using a Punnett square. Both the phenotypic and genotypic F2 ratios are shown.

Figure: 3.8 Title: A Trihybrid Cross Caption: Formation of P1 and F1 gametes in a trihybrid cross.

Figure: 3.9 Title: Fork-line Method Caption: Generation of the F2 trihybrid phenotypic ratio, using the forked-line method. This method is based on the expected probability of occurrence of each phenotype.

Figure: 3.10 Title: Correlation of Mendelian Postulates Caption: Illustrated correlation between the Mendelian postulates of (a) unit factors in pairs, (b) segregation, and (c) independent assortment, showing the presence of genes located on homologous chromosomes and their behavior during meiosis.

Figure: 3.10a Title: Correlation of Mendelian Postulates Caption: Illustrated correlation between the Mendelian postulates of (a) unit factors in pairs, showing the presence of genes located on homologous chromosomes and their behavior during meiosis.

Figure: 3.10b Title: Correlation of Mendelian Postulates Caption: Illustrated correlation between the Mendelian postulates of (b) segregation showing the presence of genes located on homologous chromosomes and their behavior during meiosis.

Figure: 3.10c Title: Correlation of Mendelian Postulates Caption: Illustrated correlation between the Mendelian postulates of (c) independent assortment, showing the presence of genes located on homologous chromosomes and their behavior during meiosis.

Figure: 3.11 Title: Converting Chi-square Values to p Values Caption: (a) Graph for converting Chi-square values to p values. (b) Table of Chi-square values for selected values of df and p. The Chi-square values greater than that shown at p equals 0.05 (darker blue areas) justify failure to reject the null hypothesis. Values less than those at p equals 0.05 (lighter blue areas) justify rejecting the null hypothesis. For example, using the table in part (b), where Chi-square is equal to 0.53 for 1 degree of freedom, the corresponding p value is between 0.20 and 0.50. The graph in (a) gives a more precise p value of 0.48 by interpolation. Thus, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Figure: 3.12 Title: A Pedigree of Three Generations Caption: A representative pedigree for a single characteristic through three generations.

Figure: 3.UN1 Title: Insights and Solutions Caption: Homozygous black female X heterozygous gray male

Figure: 3.UN3 Title: Problems and Discussion Caption: Question 24: For the following pedigree, predict the mode of inheritance and the resulting genotypes of each individual. Assume that the alleles A and a control the expression of the trait.

Figure: 3.UN4 Title: Problems and Discussion Caption: Question 26: The following pedigree follows the inheritance of myopia (nearsightedness) in humans. Predict whether the disorder is inherited as a dominant or a recessive trait. Based on your prediction, indicate the most probable genotype for each individual.

Figure: 3.UN5 Title: Problems and Discussion Caption: Question 27: Draw all possible conclusions concerning the mode of inheritance of the trait expressed in each of the following limited pedigrees. (Each case is based on a different trait.)