Ultimate Result of War: There will never be an English absolute monarch Argument between liberty and obedience, freedom and protection—Locke and Hobbes—that reverberates today

After the English Civil War

Thesis After winning the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell gradually assumed the role of a dictator—an absolute monarch in everything but name. This upset a country that had been torn apart via Civil War and caused much of England to believe that a codified sharing of powers was necessary. When this could not be solidified under James II, the English welcomed the Glorious Revolution, establishing the beginning of the rule of the common people, natural rights and freedoms and the modern liberal state.

The Republic of England Cromwell purges the House of Commons of the remaining monarchist leaving behind the “Rump Parliament” Crushes any remnants of the rebellion at the Battle of Worcester in 1653 Helps write The Instrument of Government—the first constitution in the English speaking world Abolishes monarchy, establishes Cromwell as Lord Protector, calls for triennial Parliaments Cromwell follows this for two years before getting frustrated and instituting military rule Still trying to create perfect Puritan society (like Utopia or Christianopolis); combined with lack of rights this makes like in England horrible for a few years

The Restoration Cromwell tries to make son Lord Protector, but he does a bad job; parliament invites Charles I’s son back to rule England Charles II – The Restoration Reinstitution of Magna Carta and Petition of Rights tried religious toleration Parliament (anti- Catholics) did not accept Reestablishes control over American colonies Emergence of political parties Tories – generally supported the king and Anglican church Whigs – purpose: to strengthen parliament, very anti-Catholic Tries to pass Catholic Exclusion Act but fails Habeas Corpus Act 1679—extended to all Englishmen during peace time

James II & the Glorious Revolution James II (Charles I’s son) (r. 1685 – 1689) – one of the worst kings in English history Mistake #1: Was openly Catholic Wanted: toleration of Catholics ignoring previous act, placed Catholics in high official positions Mistake #2: Openly believed in Divine Right Tried to rule, several times, without Parliament Suspended/ignored various acts/consitutions At first Parliament did nothing, then James’ Catholic wife gave birth to a son… Parliament called on Mary of Orange (daughter of James II & a protestant) and husband William and invited them to invade the country Promised to back them when they came and make them joint monarchs William arrives with 60,000 men and James runs away No blood is shed whatsoever, no shots fired. William and Mary agree to become joint rulers Parliaments one stipulation: must sign and rule by the Bill of Rights (1689) Known as the Glorious Revolution

English Bill of Rights King/queen could not suspend laws without parliament’s consent need approval to raise taxes had to summon parliament and could not interfere with elections protected rights of individuals Weakened House of Lords and kicked Anglican Church out of Government not entirely democratic yet – few voted, no religious toleration, but eventually resulted in Made parliament stronger than monarch Established the beginning of Constitutional Monarchy w/ Prime Minister and Cabinet Basis for US Bill of Rights

Ireland and Scotland England left with decision problem of what do with Ireland and Scotland. Background on Ireland: Plantation system Tries to become free during ECW Rape of Ireland, by Cromwell’s troops, after ECW James II tried to rally Ireland after fleeing England Battle of the Boyne (1690) William’s Dutch/English (i.e. Protestant army) called the Orange Order crush James and remaining Irish Catholic army as punishment - Parliament passes Act of Settlement (1701) Encourages upper and upper middle class to resettle in Ireland, mainly in the North Only Anglican can inherit throne of Britain Parliament impose harsh penalties on Catholics in Ireland called Irish Penal Laws Catholics could not buy, inherit land from Protestants, could not be elected into Irish Parliament, etc. Cause Irish to rebel with alarming regularity Stay in place until election of Daniel O’Connell in 1829 Parliament fears that Scotland will support James Act of Union (1707) joined England and Scotland as United Kingdom of Great Britain Persuades Scots to do this through a series of economic incentives