A VERY Brief Overview of Chemistry Chemistry in Biology A VERY Brief Overview of Chemistry 15 Clicker Questions! Chapter 6.2 – 6.4

Please high-light them!!! Words in Bold Pink Those are your vocabulary words… Please high-light them!!!

Element Element: Substance consisting entirely of one type of atom. Examples: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Subscript A subscript is a small lowered number after a symbol for an element. H2O– the 2 is lowered and considered a subscript. The 2 indicates how many atoms of the element are present in that compound.

Chemical Compounds Compound: A substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions. Examples: H2O (water) NaCl (Salt) C6 H12 O6 (Sugar)

Chemical Formula 6 12 6 States how many atoms are in each molecule. How many carbon atoms are in C6 H12 O6? How many hydrogen atoms? How many oxygen atoms? Click for answers 6 12 6

Chemical Equations CO2 + H2O  C6 H12 O6 + O2 REACTANTS PRODUCTS Let’s say I give you a chemical equation like— CO2 + H2O  C6 H12 O6 + O2 What are the names of these compounds? Could you tell me which side are the reactants and which side are the products? REACTANTS PRODUCTS Carbon dioxide Water Sugar/glucose Oxygen Click for answers Click for answers

Elements in the Human Body Most abundant element in our body Oxygen – 65% Carbon – 18.5% Hydrogen – 9.5% Nitrogen – 3.3% All of these equal 96.3%. The other 4% are trace elements: Calcium (1.5), Phosphorous (1.0), Potassium (0.4), & others. Water Click for animation Most abundant compound in our body

Which of the following is an element? Clicker Question #1 Which of the following is an element? Carbon dioxide Methane Oxygen Water

How many atoms are in: NH3 Clicker Question #2 How many atoms are in: NH3 1 2 3 4

Which of the following are the reactants? Clicker Question #3 Which of the following are the reactants? CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O CH4 + 2 H2O None of the above

Solvent-Solute Water is the greatest solvent in the world! Solvent means to dissolve, or a dissolving agent. WATER is a SOLVENT! Solute is what is to be dissolved. Sugar and salt are solutes and they dissolve in water.

pH pH: The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution. Acid: Substance that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. Base: Substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.

pH Scale The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. It ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 is neutral A pH less than 7 is acidic A pH greater than 7 is basic

pH Scale 14 = Basic 0 = Acidic Oven cleaner Bleach Ammonia solution Increasingly Basic Soap Sea water Human blood 7 = Neutral Neutral Pure water Milk Normal rainfall Acid rain Tomato juice Increasingly Acidic Lemon juice Stomach acid 0 = Acidic

Acids Acids taste sour Strong Acids are dangerous and can burn your skin Examples are: Vinegar, stomach acid, and citrus fruits

Bases Solutions containing bases are often called alkaline. Bases taste bitter Bases feel slippery Strong bases are very dangerous and can burn your skin Examples: Lye and ammonia

Buffers Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. (Don’t need to write this) For example, your stomach is upset, so you drink alka seltzer or eat a Rolaids. These are buffers or a mild base to offset the higher stomach acid.

Organic Molecules There are 4 organic molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids * These are also called macromolecules

Macromolecule Concept Map YES, draw this! Macromolecule Concept Map MACROMOLECULES includes that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Macro means LARGE

***Most of an organisms’ energy come from carbohydrates!*** Carbohydrate: Organic compound containing Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen with a ratio of 1:2:1 Carbohydrates are basically sugars and starches. ***Most of an organisms’ energy come from carbohydrates!***

Carbohydrates Continued Monosaccharides are simple sugar molecules. Examples: This is glucose, galactose, sucrose and fructose (sugars). Glucose is 1 : 2 : 1 Many monosaccharides together make up polysaccharides. This is the excess sugar that we store as glycogen that can turn into fat

Video Questions 1. Sugars belong to a class of chemicals called ___. 2. What is glucose made-up of? 3. What is a good example of a very long polymer of glucose called ___. 4. Starches are nothing more than very long chains of ____.

Carbohydrate Video Clip

Major source of energy for the body Macromolecule Concept Map Lets fill in the chart! Carbon Compounds includes Carbohydrates that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars & Starches Major source of energy for the body Macro means LARGE

Lipids This is FAT. They are found in cell membranes. Lipids: these are used to store energy. They are found in cell membranes. Fats, oils, & waxes Also water proofs Video

Major source of energy for the body Macromolecule Concept Map Lets fill in the chart! Carbon Compounds includes Lipids Carbohydrates that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Fats & Oils Sugars & Starches Major source of energy for the body Stores energy & water proofs Macro means LARGE

Nucleic Acids Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Phosphorus Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information.

Nucleic Acids Continued Nucleotides consist of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base. 2 types: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Video Questions: 1. Nucleic acids are made up of long chains of subunits called ____. 2. Chromosomes contain huge molecules called deoxyribonucleic acid also known as ___.

Nucleic Acids Video Clip

Stores & Transmits Genetic Info Major source of energy for the body Macromolecule Concept Map Lets fill in the chart! Carbon Compounds includes Nucleic Acids Lipids Carbohydrates that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Fats & Oils Sugars & Starches Nucleotides Stores & Transmits Genetic Info Major source of energy for the body Stores energy & water proofs Macro means LARGE

Which of the following is NOT a macromolecule? Clicker Question #9 Which of the following is NOT a macromolecule? Carbohydrate Lipid Amino acid Nucleic acid

Which of the following foods is NOT an example of a carbohydrate? Clicker Question #10 Which of the following foods is NOT an example of a carbohydrate? Sugar Potatoes Bread Meat

Genetic material is made with this macromolecule: Clicker Question #11 Genetic material is made with this macromolecule: Nucleic acid Lipid Protein Carbohydrate

Which of the following is NOT a sugar? Clicker Question #12 Which of the following is NOT a sugar? a. Glucose b. Sucrose c. Lactose d. Pepsin

Proteins Proteins are composed of smaller units called amino acids. Amino Acids: Are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen.

Proteins Proteins function in the following ways: Transport materials within the cell Provide structural support – muscles, tendons, ligaments Help chemical reactions happen faster through a special type of protein known as an enzyme

Example: Amylase found in saliva. Proteins Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions. * Enzymes are made of proteins. Example: Amylase found in saliva. Amylase speeds up the breakdown of amylose, a substance in starch (in foods). * Most enzymes are specific to 1 reaction

Proteins A catalyst, as well as an enzyme, is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. * Catalysts speeds up chemical reactions thousands of times faster.

Proteins Activation Energy: The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reactions.

Proteins: How enzymes work Substrate: The reactants that bind to the enzyme. Active Site: The specific location where a substance binds to an enzyme. The active site and the substrate have complementary shapes (“Lock & Key”) Enzyme-Substrate Complex Click on picture to see an animation!

Proteins: How enzymes work Only substrates with the same size and shape as the active site will bind to the enzyme (like puzzle pieces). pH and temperature mainly affect enzyme activity. Click on picture for link

Pepsin: An Enzyme Pepsin is an enzyme in the stomach that begins the digestion of proteins by splitting them into smaller pieces. Pepsin works at a pH level of around 2 which is acidic Antacids are used to neutralize pepsin by increasing the pH level to around 6 or 7

What does Macro Mean? Macromolecule Concept Map Lets fill in the chart! Carbon Compounds includes Nucleic Acids Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Fats & Oils Amino Acids Sugars & Starches Nucleotides Growth/ repair & make up enzymes Stores & Transmits Genetic Info Major source of energy for the body Stores energy & water proofs What does Macro Mean?

Enzymes are which type of macromolecule? Clicker Question #13 Enzymes are which type of macromolecule? a. Lipids b. Carbohydrate c. Proteins d. Nucleic Acids

What do enzymes do during a reaction? Clicker Question #14 What do enzymes do during a reaction? a. Nothing b. Slows it down c. Speeds it up d. Burns it up

What two conditions change how enzymes work? Clicker Question #15 What two conditions change how enzymes work? a. Water & temperature b. Temperature & pH c. Solid & gas d. None of the above

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