Classification Unit 8

How did we go from simple single-celled organisms to the diversity of life we see today? Picture Terms Define anaerobic prokaryotes (heterotrophs) photosynthetic prokaryotes (autotrophs) Don’t need oxygen No nucleus Obtain energy by “eating” Use light to make food No nucleus Make own food

unicellular eukaryotes Picture Terms Define aerobic prokaryotes unicellular eukaryotes multicellular eukaryotes Cells that need oxygen Cells without a nucleus One cell Cells with a nucleus Many cells Cells with a nucleus

Use the words below to match them with the correct definition Multicellular Heterotroph Unicellular Autotroph Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Terms from the table (you should know each of these): Prokaryotic = no nucleus or membrane bound organelles; simple cells = nucleus & membrane bound organelles (cells are more complex). = organism made up of 1 cell = organisms made up of many cells = make usable energy/food internally (i.e. photosynthesis) = needs to eat to gain energy Eukaryotic Unicellular Multicellular Autotroph Heterotroph

Kingdom Archaebacteria Classification of Living Things (Kingdom Characteristics) Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Kingdom Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom PROTISTA Kingdom FUNGI Kingdom PLANTAE Kingdom ANIMALIA Examples Bacteria that live in harsh environments (extremophiles) Bacteria that live in/on you, strep and E. coli Paramecium, Amoeba and Euglena Mushrooms, Mold and yeast (unicellular) Mosses, Ferns, Pine trees, Flowering Plants Sponges, Worms, Insects, Reptiles, Fish, Humans Cell Type (Pro or Eukaryote) PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC Number of Cells (unicellular or multicellular) All UNICELLULAR Mostly UNICELLULAR Mostly MULTICELLULAR All MULTICELLULAR All MULTICELLULAR Cell Wall (absent or present) Present Present in some PRESENT ABSENT Nutrition (Autotroph or Heterotroph) Both (depends on type) All are HETEROTROPH All are AUTOTROPH All are HETEROTROPH Important Extra Info. ALL BACTERIA used to be classified into one Kingdom called Kingdom Monera Often categorized as plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like Called the great decomposers Carnivorous plants (ex: Venus flytrap) are stil considered autotrophs. Only kingdom in which all organisms lack a cell wall. VIRUSES are not living therefore they aren’t classified in any of the kingdoms.

Taxonomy biological molecules Linnaeus. Kingdoms Plants Animals Once we had all of these different types of organisms, scientists wanted to organize or classify them. The classification system is constantly changing since new organisms are found and we have new techniques to look at the differences between the organisms. In the past, similarities in appearance were primarily used to group organisms. Now with new technology, scientists are using molecular evidence (DNA, RNA and proteins which are called _______________________ to group organisms.   biological molecules Today, we classify all living organisms based upon a system that was developed over 200 years ago by a by a Swedish botanist named _____________ Linnaeus wanted to create a system that organized all living things into several broad categories that he called _________________________. At the time, scientists thought that every living thing fit into one of two kingdoms: _____________ and ______________ Linnaeus. Kingdoms Plants Animals Taxonomy ___________________________ – the study of placing organisms in to classification groups (or taxa) based upon characteristics that they possess.

HUMANS KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES Linnaeus’s original classification system was made up of 7 levels called taxa (pleural form); HUMANS Linnaeus’s taxa (largest to smallest) Example:__________________ (the broadest or largest taxon) Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primata Hominidae Homo (the most specific or inclusive taxon) sapiens KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

Produce offspring that can have offspring Each category continued to be divided into smaller and smaller groups until the only one type of organism, called a _________________________________ was identified. Kingdom → Phylum → Class →Order →Family →Genus →species   To be the same species the organisms had to: ________________________________ ___________________________________________________   Similar organisms that may be the same genus but not the same species can sometimes reproduce under artificial conditions. Two examples of interbreeding between two different species are: ____________+ _____________=> MULE ………Mule x Mule = no offspring Lion + Tiger => _______________ => ­­­__________x__________= no offspring Species Be able to reproduce Produce offspring that can have offspring Horse Donkey Liger Liger Liger In the above examples, the parents are different species which results in their offspring being sterile (meaning that when the offspring reach adulthood, they are unable to have their own offspring).

Current Classification System _____________________- a new level (which is larger than a kingdom) has been added to the current classification system. Based on new research, all living things in the six kingdoms were placed into one of the 3 Domains: Domain Bacteria - includes all of kingdom _______________________ (also known as the ‘true bacteria’) Domain Archaea - includes all of the kingdom __________________ (also known as the ‘ancient bacteria’) Domain Eukarya - includes the kingdoms _______________________, _______________________, __________________ & _________________________ (all of which are eukaryotes)   Domain Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

OMAIN INGDOM HYLUM LASS RDER AMILY ENUS PECIES Fill in the correct taxa for the new (current) structure of the classification system: OMAIN INGDOM HYLUM LASS RDER AMILY ENUS PECIES

binomial nomenclature SCIENTIFIC NAME LATIN HUMANS GENUS SPECIES Linnaeus also created a system of naming all living things called ____________________ _____________________. According to this system, each organism should be given a two-word name, called a________________________________. The same name is used for a species regardless of the language that a person speaks or the region they live in. Most names are in______________________. Rules for writing Scientific names: Ex: The scientific name for _________________is Homo sapiens   The first word of each name is the organism’s ________________(i.e. Homo). The first letter of this name should always be capitalized and written in italic letters. The second word of each organism’s name is the ______________ _indentifier (i.e sapiens). This name should always be in all lower case and written in italic letters binomial nomenclature SCIENTIFIC NAME LATIN HUMANS GENUS SPECIES

Ways to Show Evolutionary Relationships: – Classifying organisms based upon their evolutionary relationships. Cladogram or Phylogenetic tree is a diagram that looks a bit like a family tree, showing who the evolutionary relationships between organisms. Each of these creatures has an evolutionary relationship to one another. They all share a common origin, and their current forms are all derived from branching events somewhere in the phylogenetic past. Phylogeny

Cladogram or Phylogenetic tree

Use the cladogram to answer the following questions: Which animal is the most primitive? What features are shared by the salamander & mouse? Does the hagfish possess a jaw? Why is the derived characteristic ‘feathers’ not written on the main axis like all of the other characteristics? HAGFISH JAWS & LUNGS NO BECAUSE ONLY BIRDS HAVE FEATHERS

Classification Keys A classification key, also knows as a Dichotomous key, is useful in identifying unknown organisms (but is not limited to being used with living things). Use the dichotomous key to identify the organisms by their scientific names. Organism A Organism B Organism C Organism D Passer domesticus Ophiophagus hannah Pinus ponderosa Monodon monoceros

1a. organism with two or four functional legs . . . go to 2 1b. organism without two or four legs . . . . . . . . . go to 3 2a. organism without wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canis familiaris 2b. organism with wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Passer domesticus 3a. organism is unicellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 4 3b. organism is multicellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 5 4a. organism swims freely in water . . . . . . . . . . . Balantidium sp 4b. organism is anchored to substrate . . . . . . . . . Stentor sp. 5a. organism is heterotrophic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 6 5b. organism is autotrophic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to 7 6a. organism lives in ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monodon monoceros 6b. organism lives on land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ophiophagus hannah 7a. organism is a tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinus ponderosa 7b. organism is an herb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taraxicum officinale

Reflection Questions Why would it be important for scientific names to be written the same world wide? Write your first and last name as if it was a scientific name. *HINT-Follow the rules (capitalization and italics/underlined) How do we know viruses are nonliving?