The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877

Chapter 22 Vocabulary Freedmen’s Bureau Black Codes 13th Amendment Sharecropping Debt Peonage Scalawags Carpetbaggers Ku Klux Klan

The Problems of Peace What to do about rebel leaders? All are eventually pardoned How to rebuild the South? WHO will rebuild the South? How will the country reinstate the Southern states to the Union? How will the country pay off war debts? How will the country absorb millions of recently freed slaves?

Freedmen Define Freedom After Emancipation, many blacks volunteered in the Union Army 54th Massachusetts (Glory) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFWLkCnT50s Benefited from 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments No suffrage for women New opportunities Further develop religion Search for family members Seek education, jobs (move to cities) Run for office (Hiram Revels – first senator)

Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln did not believe that the South had legally withdrawn from the Union Proposed very lenient terms for re-admittance Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan 10% of a state’s voting population took an oath of allegiance The state ratified the 13th Amendment The state drafted a new state constitution Lincoln’s goal – Restore the Union.

Republicans v. Radicals Some Republicans feared a return to pre-war conditions Return of planters to positions of authority and the return of slavery “Radical Republicans” (Thaddeus Stevens) wanted to punish the South for the war The Wade-Davis Bill – required 50% oath, stronger safeguards Lincoln refused to sign Assassination of President Lincoln

Andrew Johnson v. Congress Democrat from the South (Not accepted by northerners or Republicans) Pro-States’ Rights No-win situation Provided lenient terms to southern states for re-admittance (angered Republicans) Vetoed extension of Freedmen’s Bureau Congress seizes control of Reconstruction Civil Rights Act of 1866 – gave blacks citizenship Attacked Black Codes

Military Reconstruction Reconstruction Act of 1867 Divided South into 5 military districts Required ratification of 14th Amendment (citizenship) Act took some presidential power, occupation lasted until 1877 Led to passage of 15th Amendment (voting rights) Impeachment of Johnson No actual misconduct Anger at veto of Civil Rights of 1866 and Freedmen’s Bureau Acts Congress wanted Johnson to keep Stanton as Secretary of War Johnson is not convicted

A Return to Slavery, Black Codes, Jim Crow Economic necessity forced many former slaves to sign labor contracts with planters. Sharecropping Debt peonage Tenant Farming Opportunity to move up the economic ladder Black Codes prohibiting their right to vote forbidding them to sit on juries limiting their right to testify against white men carrying weapons in public places working in certain occupations. Jim Crow Laws Literacy Tests, poll taxes, voter-registration laws Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Civil Rights Act of 1964