Pharmacology UG-Course

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Pharmacology UG-Course Touqeer Ahmed PhD 19th February, 2015 Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences National University of Sciences and Technology

Basic Concepts in Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics: is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body or on microorganisms or parasites within or on the body and the mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect. Pharmacokinetics: is the study of what the body does to a drug

Basic Concepts in Pharmacology Protein targets for drug binding Four main kinds of regulatory protein are commonly involved as primary drug targets, namely: 1.receptors (activate signaling pathways) 3.enzymes 2. carrier molecules (transporters) 4.ion channels. Agonists and antagonists Agonists, which 'activate' the receptors, and antagonists, which combine at the same site without causing activation, and block the effect of agonists on that receptor.

Basic Concepts in Pharmacology THE BINDING OF DRUGS TO RECEPTORS Why do we plot it on the Log scale?

Agonists (Quantifying Agonism) Drugs have two observable properties in biological systems: Potency Potency is controlled by four factors: Receptor density in a tissue Efficiency of the stimulus-response mechanisms present by default in the tissue Affinity of the drug for its receptor Efficacy Efficacy/Magnitude of effect (when a biological response is produced) The advantage of using efficacy is that this property depends solely on efficacy, whereas potency is a mixed function of both affinity and efficacy

Antagonism Antagonists are drugs that decrease or oppose the actions of another drug or endogenous ligand. An antagonist has no effect if an agonist is not present. Antagonism may occur in several ways. Many antagonists act on the identical receptor macromolecule as the agonist. Antagonists, however, have no intrinsic activity and, therefore, produce no effect by themselves. Although antagonists have no intrinsic activity, they are able to bind avidly to target receptors because they possess strong affinity.