Predicted and observed HbA1c levels using doubly robust estimation adjusting for either a comprehensive set of confounders (left panel) or a set of confounders.

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Copyright © 2015 by the American Osteopathic Association.
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Copyright © 2015 by the American Osteopathic Association.
James Thrasher, MD  The American Journal of Medicine 
From: Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 DiabetesA Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Ann Intern Med.
Luigi F. Meneghini, MD, MBA  The American Journal of Medicine 
Stuart A. Ross, MB CHB, FRACP, FRCP(C) 
Key clinical efficacy outcomes for (A) hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), (B) weight change. Key clinical efficacy outcomes for (A) hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), (B) weight.
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Options for Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Comparison of the ADA/EASD Position Statement and AACE/ACE Algorithm  Timothy Bailey, MD  The American.
James Thrasher, MD  The American Journal of Medicine 
Plasma active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) response in patients with type  2 diabetes during the liquid high-fat meal test at baseline, 12 weeks and.
Average patient profile in terms of (A) previous therapy drug class and (B) complexity of previous regimen. Average patient profile in terms of (A) previous.
Differences in the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels.
Individualizing Insulin Therapy in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes
The excess effect of 3 or 6 months low to moderate carbohydrate diet compared with high-carbohydrate diet on HbA1c (%) versus reported intake (Energy %)
Illustration of the causal inference scheme.
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) trajectories among children during the first 5 years after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, stratified by diagnostic era and diagnostic.
Obesity and type 2 diabetes forecasts.
Patient flow chart: the final prospective study population consisted of 521 individuals, 113 on basal insulin and 408 on OADs. *Plausibility: height (130–230 cm),
The association between mean annual temperature and diabetes incidence in the USA over the period 1996–2009. The association between mean annual temperature.
Trends in the relative contribution of each second-line diabetes medication class, by quarter, as a percent of all second-line prescribing, 2011–2015.
Correlation of E/e’ with age (A), gender (B), fasting insulin (C), and sulfonylurea use (SU) (D) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Correlation.
Subgroup analysis. Subgroup analysis. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on outcome variables in subgroups defined by baseline levels of the respective.
Gender differences in diabetes prevalence in 2009 in the general Portuguese population patients and in patients with CAP. Diabetes prevalence is higher.
Estimated HR as a function of absolute change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; from index to measurement 22–26 months after). Estimated HR as a function.
Change in HbA1c and weight compared with baseline variables for the liraglutide group and the placebo group. Change in HbA1c and weight compared with baseline.
(A) Correlation between change in HbA1c and change in weight from baseline to week 24 in the liraglutide group. (A) Correlation between change in HbA1c.
Kaplan-Meier plot of incident CVD according to the treatment group over a 4-year period following intensification of diabetes therapy. Kaplan-Meier plot.
Receiver operating characteristic analyses showing area under the curves with reference to 2-hour OGTT (A,B) and fasting plasma glucose (C,D). HbA1c, glycated.
Scatterplot showing the association between baseline weight and weight change at 1 year, relative to baseline for each treatment group. Scatterplot showing.
Scatterplot showing the association between change in HbA1c at 1 year and weight change at 1 year, relative to baseline for each treatment group. Scatterplot.
Adjusted annual percentage of quality indicators by prescription
Predicted and observed BMI levels using doubly robust estimation adjusting for either a comprehensive set of confounders (left panel) or a set of confounders.
(A) Rate of achieving targets for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP), and lipids in all subjects and (B) prevalence of nephropathy, retinopathy,
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Metabolic syndrome—participants with only three components—expected and observed frequencies by age. Metabolic syndrome—participants with only three components—expected.
(A) Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) values at baseline and after treatment with anagliptin in 20 participants at 12 and 24 weeks. (A) Low-density.
Kaplan-Meier plots of hHF: DPP-4i and SU cohort with baseline CVD (panel A); saxagliptin and sitagliptin cohorts with baseline CVD (panel B); DPP-4i and.
Results of sensitivity analyses.
Comparison of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for predicting oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 1 h postload glucose ≥155 mg/dL in (A) patients.
Estimated HR as a function of mean residual of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements to the line connecting index HbA1c and HbA1c measurement 22–26 months.
Association between antibiotic purchases and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values in patients with and without diabetic nephropathy. Association between.
Enrollment of patients.
Hypothesized causal relations between exposures (education, immigration and income) and outcome (HbA1c at diagnosis). Hypothesized causal relations between.
Cumulative incidence of monotherapy failure in matched samples of sulfonylurea (n=717) versus metformin (n=3585), when followed for up to 5.5 years. Cumulative.
Relationships between annual antibiotic purchase rates and progression of microalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes. Relationships between annual.
(G) Body mass index (BMI) values at baseline and after treatment with anagliptin in 20 participants at 12 and 24 weeks. (G) Body mass index (BMI) values.
Mean (95% CI) fasting s-glucose at baseline and 6-month, 12-month, and 24-month follow-up, overall and by sex (A), and by baseline age (B), education (C),
Changes (mean +SEM) in glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and ghrelin from the baseline values after administration of placebo (broken lines.
Change in markers of glycometabolism and cardiovascular risk profile.
Glucose-lowering medication in type 2 diabetes: overall approach.
Associations of body mass index (BMI) levels with achieving targets for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP), and lipids in the upper panels.
Showing significant positive correlation of circulating plasma DPP4 levels with total intra-abdominal adipose tissue volume in patients with T2DM (A) and.
Continuous associations
Receiver-operating characteristic curves showing the performance of the diabetes risk score in predicting diabetes in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) citizens.
Mean fasting C-peptide levels (for all subjects [A]) and mean peak C-peptide levels (all subjects [B], adolescents [C], and adults [D])after mixed-meal.
(A) Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values at baseline and after treatment with anagliptin in 20 participants at 12 and 24 weeks.  (B) Urinary albumin to creatinine.
Oral glucose tolerance testing during hospitalization and at 4 months after infarction. Oral glucose tolerance testing during hospitalization and at 4 months.
Relationship between week 24 A1C and week 24 BeAM in the exploratory analysis (A), the main analysis (only patients with A1C >7.0% at week 24 were included.
Crude and adjusted HbA1c change by medication adherence group (proportion of days covered (PDC)) by linear regression, controlling for age, age2, gender,
Comorbid conditions and concomitant medications.
Changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels after 12 weeks’ treatment with lixisenatide (according to dose increase regimen) or placebo. Changes in glycated.
Difference in average school grades between offspring born to women with type 1 diabetes and the matched control children, by maternal third trimester.
Plasma glucose (A), serum insulin (B), serum C peptide (C) and plasma GLP-1 level (D) during the 2-hour OGTT among subjects with normal glucose tolerance.
Postprandial glucose, insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels following carbohydrate-first (CF), carbohydrate-last (CL) and sandwich (S) meal.
Patient disposition and study protocol.
Trends in age-adjusted diagnosed diabetes prevalence and incidence among adults aged 18–79 years, 1980–2017. Trends in age-adjusted diagnosed diabetes.
Glucose-lowering medication in type 2 diabetes: overall approach.
Fig. 1. Antihyperglycemic therapy algorithm for adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The algorithm stratifies the choice of medications.
Presentation transcript:

Predicted and observed HbA1c levels using doubly robust estimation adjusting for either a comprehensive set of confounders (left panel) or a set of confounders provided by a domain expert (right panel). Predicted and observed HbA1c levels using doubly robust estimation adjusting for either a comprehensive set of confounders (left panel) or a set of confounders provided by a domain expert (right panel). Red dots indicate the actual measurements of patients at baseline (before second-line treatment), after 6 and 12 months. Black dots (with error bars) represent the counterfactual predictions and 95% CIs, supposing all patients were treated with that drug class. The results of the Bayesian mixed-treatment comparison (MTC) meta-analysis by McIntosh et al 7 8 are marked MTC. DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; SU, sulfonylurea; TZD, thiazolidinedione. Assaf Gottlieb et al. BMJ Open Diab Res Care 2017;5:e000435 ©2017 by American Diabetes Association