copyright cmassengale Macromolecules copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. Usually with Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen or Nitrogen. copyright cmassengale

Carbohydrates

What are Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. Examples: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. polysaccharide

copyright cmassengale Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: glucose (C6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose glucose copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef, muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

Simple Carbohydrates sugars monosaccharides – single sugars disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides

Complex Carbohydrates starches and fibers polysaccharides chains of monosaccharides

Simple Carbs monosaccharides all are 6 carbon hexes 6 carbons 12 hydrogens 6 oxygens arrangement differs accounts for varying sweetness glucose, fructose, galactose

Bellwork – Tuesday What does it mean to be organic? Sugars, starches, and fiber are what type of organic compound? 3. What elements make up this organic compound? What is the ratio of atoms in these elements?

Glucose mild sweet flavor known as blood sugar essential energy source found in every disaccharide and polysaccharide

Carbohydrates glucose provides energy for the brain and ½ of energy for muscles and tissues glucose is immediate energy

Fructose sweetest sugar found in fruits and honey added to soft drinks, cereals, desserts

Disaccharides pairs of the monosaccharides glucose is always present 2nd of the pair could be fructose, galactose or another glucose maltose, sucrose, lactose

Sucrose fructose and glucose tastes sweet fruit, vegetables, grains table sugar is refined sugarcane and sugar beets brown, white, powdered

Lactose glucose and galactose main carbohydrate in milk known as milk sugar http://www.webmd.com/children/video/children-and-lactose-intolerance

Lactose Intolerance http://www.webmd.com/children/video/children-and-lactose-intolerance

Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides starches built entirely of glucose fiber Built from a variety of monosaccharides

Video on Fiber

Fiber structural parts of plants found in all plant derived food bonds of fibers cannot be broken down during the digestive process minimal or no energy available

Fiber types Cellulose

Fiber Characteristics associated with protection against heart disease and diabetes lowers cholesterol and glucose levels found in legumes(beans) and fruits

Fiber Insoluble promote bowel movements alleviate constipation found in grains and vegetables

Glucose Homeostasis maintaining an even balance of glucose is controlled by insulin and glucagon insulin moves glucose into the blood glucagon brings glucose out of storage

Imbalance Diabetes after food intake, blood glucose rises and is not regulated because insulin is inadequate

Hypoglycemia blood glucose drops dramatically too much insulin, activity, inadequate food intake, illness diet adjustment includes fiber-rich carbs and protein

Maintaining Blood Glucose Homeostasis 1 Intestine Maintaining Blood Glucose Homeostasis When a person eats, blood glucose rises. 2 Pancreas High blood glucose stimulates the pancreas to release insulin. Insulin 3 Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose into cells and storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Insulin also stimulates the conversion of excess glucose into fat for storage. Liver Fat cell Muscle 4 As the body's cells use glucose, blood levels decline. 5 Pancreas Low blood glucose stimulates the pancreas to release glucagon into the bloodstream. Glucagon 6 Glucagon stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood.a Glucose Insulin Glucagon Glycogen Liver a The stress hormone epinephrine and other hormones also bring glucose out of storage. 7 Blood glucose begins to rise.