Napoleon

Rise of Napoleon 1769: Born in Corsica to minor nobility 1793 – 99: MILITARY HERO OF THE REVOLUTION Suppresses threats to Directory Conquers Italy Invades Egypt 1799: coup d’etat = overthrows Directory uses plebiscite to legitimize rule pushes other consuls aside “First Consul” 1802: “consul for life”

Europe in 1800

The Consulate peace with 2nd coalition Concordat w/church Catholicism is religion of French Church gives up confiscated prop. Subordinates itself to state freedom of religion lycée schools education based on merit tuition based But some poor get scholarships restored slavery in Caribbean limited freedom of speech/press employed secret police Napoleonic Code codifies ideals of Revolution meritocracy standardizes laws abolishes feudal relations and inherited titles women’s rights restricted Crowns himself emperor in 1804 The Consulate

Napoleonic Code

“Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David December 2, 1804

The Empire “Napoleon on His Imperial Throne” 1806 Dominates Central Europe Organizes the Confederation of the Rhine Leads to the desolving of the Holy Roman Empire Occupies Berlin Issues decrees establishing the Continental System Austria, Prussia and Russia become open or secret allies of France Names family members as sovereigns of European satellite states Jerome (br.) in Westphalia Louis (br.) in the Netherlands Joseph (brother) in Spain “Napoleon on His Imperial Throne” 1806 By Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

French control and example leads to nationalism in Germany Napoleon reduces number of ind. states form 300 to 30 greater efficiency in governing but also an easier concept of unification People begin to argue that “Germany should be a single state” Romanticism leads to a glorification of the individual and of cultures. German folk culture is revived Love of “Germany” reflected in music and artwork

Germany under Napoleon

The Imperial Image

The Empress Josephine

Later divorces Josephine to have an heir Marries Maria-Louise of Austria Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles: (1811-1832)

Battles (1805) Austerlitz Trafalgar: Land battle defeats Austria/Russia wins control of continent Trafalgar: naval loss to British can’t invade Britain British naval supremacy 100 yrs

Napoleon’s Europe

(his three big mistakes) Napoleon overreaches (his three big mistakes) 1806: est. Continental System keep British goods out of Europe by imposing blockade hurts continental economies doesn’t reduce French tariffs Britain survives b/c naval access to colonies 1808: Peninsular War vs. Spain/Portugal tries to stop smuggling places brother on throne, attacks church faces guerilla warfare 1812: Invasion of Russia “scorched-earth” strategy disaster, Grand Army destroyed

Napoleonic Europe

The Continental System

Napoleon invades Russia

Napoleon invades Russia

The Hundred Days 1814: abdicates and exiled to Elba escapes from exile Waterloo = final defeat exiled to St. Helena (south Atlantic) 1821 dies

Waterloo, 1815

Napoleon in defeat

recreate European stability after French Revolution and Napoleon Includes major powers Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia AND “Bourbon” France Chief diplomat Prince Klemens von METTERNICH foreign minister of Austria Goals: Contain France Kingdom of the Netherlands Prussia enlarged w/territory bordering France Balance of power France left intact and independent “Legitimacy” Restore pre-revolution monarchs to their thrones Congress of Vienna (1815)

Containing France Europe 1815 #1 Netherlands enlarged (given Austrian Netherlands or “Belgium”) #2 Prussian given territory on French border

the Conservative Order “Regicides and sans-culottes do not suddenly appear. In France there were first Encyclopedists, then Constitutionalists, next Republicans, and finally regicides and high traitors. In order not to have the last type one must prevent Encyclopedists and Constitutionalists from becoming established.” - Austrian minister to Prussia, 1824

Concert of Europe “Concert of Europe” Holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia & Austria) uphold absolutism, fight secularism in Central and Eastern Europe Monarchs help each other suppress revolts “conservative” vs. liberals, radicals, nationalists Revolution of 1830 (France) Revolutions of 1848 (across Europe) Relative peace for approx. 100 years Exceptions: Crimean War (1853 – 56) France, Great Britain and Ottomans vs. Russia Disproves post-Napoleonic wars assumption that Russia was “invincible” Franco-Prussia War (1870 - 71) leads to German unification