Recap and finish the process Respiration Recap and finish the process

Mitochondria Basic Structure 0.5-1.0 µm in diameter and can be longer Folded membranes (cristae) contain enzymes and provide a large surface area These are the site for the majority of reactions in aerobic respiration

Glycolysis All happens in the cytoplasm The products are Pyruvate which move onto the link reaction All Reduced NAD (NADH + H) go to the final stage – oxidative phosphorylation ATP are directly used for energy – for each glucose a net output of 2 ATP is achieved Fats contribute glycerol which is converted into hexose bisphosphate Proteins are converted into Pyruvate

Link Reaction - Mitochondria Also known as the transition reaction Carbon Dioxide is removed and a 2 carbon molecule created – Acetate This is collected by Co-Enzyme A to created Acetyl CoA Products – Carbon dioxide is waste and NADH+H+ goes to Oxidative Phosphorylation

Krebs Krebs Krebs Still in the matrix of the Mitochondria Lots of Steps lots made and broken down Net products for one turn are CO2 X 2 - Waste ATP X 1 - Energy NADH+H+ X 3 – Oxidative Phosphorylation FADH2 X 1 – Oxidative Phosphorylation

Final onto electron Carriers and Cristae Membrane Proteins A bit like Photophosphorylation this one It all involves electron carriers which are used to build up an electrochemical gradient to run ATP Synthase Okay Ready

Lets consider the steps NADH+H+ Lose their Hydrogen at the site of the electron transport chain Hydrogen then splits into an ion H+ and an Electron Electrons move along the electron transport chain and give energy to the carriers The carriers then use the energy to pump protons (H+) from the matrix into the inter membrane space Thus an electrochemical gradient is achieved Protons move down the gradient through ATP synthase ATP Synthase creates ATP from inorganic phosphate and adenosine di- phosphate – this is Chemiosmosis Finally the proton joins with an electron (now low energy) and Oxygen to make – Water The final part of Respiration is the same as the start of photosynthesis!

Summing up – this is in your books Stage of Respiration Molecules Created ATP Created Glycolysis 2 ATP 2 2 NADH+H+ 2 x 2.5 = 5 Link Reaction (x2) Krebs Cycle (x2) 2 FADH2 2 x 1.5 = 3 6 NADH+H+ 6 x 2.5 = 115 Total for reaction for each Glucose molecule we make 32 ATP molecules 28 are made from Oxidative phosphorylation How many do you think are made in anaerobic respiration? No try the questions on page 138 of your books!