Volume 139, Issue 6, Pages 2102-2112.e1 (December 2010) Chronic Gastrointestinal Inflammation Induces Anxiety-Like Behavior and Alters Central Nervous System Biochemistry in Mice  Premysl Bercik, Elena F. Verdu, Jane A. Foster, Joseph Macri, Murray Potter, Xiaxing Huang, Paul Malinowski, Wendy Jackson, Patricia Blennerhassett, Karen A. Neufeld, Jun Lu, Waliul I. Khan, Irene Corthesy–Theulaz, Christine Cherbut, Gabriela E. Bergonzelli, Stephen M. Collins  Gastroenterology  Volume 139, Issue 6, Pages 2102-2112.e1 (December 2010) DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.063 Copyright © 2010 AGA Institute Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Inflammation in T muris–infected mice. MPO activity and the chronic mononuclear infiltrate in the proximal colon of uninfected control and T muris (Tm)–infected mice, treated with placebo, etanercept, budesonide, and probiotics. (*P < .01 vs control). Gastroenterology 2010 139, 2102-2112.e1DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.063) Copyright © 2010 AGA Institute Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Behavior in T muris–infected mice. (A) Exploratory behavior in control and T muris–infected mice treated with placebo, etanercept, budesonide, and probiotics (*P < .05 vs control, #P < .05 vs Tm + placebo). (B) Overall locomotor activity in control and T muris–infected mice. (C) Effect of vagotomy on control and T muris–infected mice (*P < .01 vs control). Gastroenterology 2010 139, 2102-2112.e1DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.063) Copyright © 2010 AGA Institute Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus. (A) Representative photographs of BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus of different treatment groups. (B) Hippocampal BDNF levels in control and T muris–infected mice (*P < .05 vs control, #P < .05 vs Tm + placebo). Gastroenterology 2010 139, 2102-2112.e1DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.063) Copyright © 2010 AGA Institute Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Circulating cytokines and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio in T muris infection. (A) Serum TNF-α and IFN-γ levels in T muris–infected mice and controls (*P < .05 vs control). (B) Serum kynurenine and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio in control and T muris–infected mice (*P < .05 vs control, #P < .05 vs Tm + placebo). Gastroenterology 2010 139, 2102-2112.e1DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.063) Copyright © 2010 AGA Institute Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Effect of anti-inflammatory treatment on serum protein profiles. Serum protein profile assessed by principle component analysis in uninfected controls and T muris–infected mice. Levels of serum proteins, either those related to inflammation (ceruloplasmin, kininogen) or to neural function (serine protease inhibitor 3 and afamin) in control and T muris–infected mice. Gastroenterology 2010 139, 2102-2112.e1DOI: (10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.063) Copyright © 2010 AGA Institute Terms and Conditions