Unicellular Review

Unicellular Definition: Organism made up of only 1 cell Examples: All prokaryotes are unicellular Bacteria and Archea Protists (most are)

Types of unicellulars

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Size: 1-10 um Type: Bacteria and Archea Genetic Material: Not bound in nucleus Organelles Missing Metabolism Anaerobic Eukaryotes Size: 100-1000 um Type: Protists (and others) Genetic Material: Contained in a Nucleus Organelles: Present Metabolism: Aerobic

The prokaryotes

Prokaryotes unite Types: Bacteria and Archea Motion: Flagella Shape: Spherical – cocci Rod shaped – bacilli Spiral shaped - spirilli Aggregations - Strept Reproduction mode: Binary fission (optimal conditions) Conjugation

1.Bacteria Cell Type: Prokaryotes Characteristics: Nutrition: Peptidoglycan in the cell walls Mesophile Gram + (purple) thick cell walls Gram – (pink) thin cell walls Nutrition: Autotroph (photosynthesis) and Heterotrophs Reproduction: Endospores

2.Archea Cell Type: Prokaryotes Characteristics: Nutrition: No peptidoglycan in the cell walls Extremophile Nutrition: Autotroph (methanogenesis) and Heterotrophs

Unicellular Eukaryotes

Protists Mostly unicellular Types of protisits: Animal-Like Protists (algae is the current debate) Types of protisits: Animal-Like Protists Heterotroph (eat other organisms) Fungi-Like Protists Heterotroph (absorb nutrients from other organisms and consuming other organisms) Plant-Like Protists Autotroph (heterotroph is extreme cases)

Animal-Like Protists (a.k.a. Protozoans) Types Cercozoan (e.g. Ameoba) Create pseudopods for motion and nutrition Habitat: water (salt and fresh), mud and hosts Ciliates (e.g. Paramecium) Cilia for motion Largest type Parasitic or free-living Flagellates Have flagella for motion Some are parasitic, mutualists or free-living Sporozoan Parasitic (e.g. plasmodium)

Fungus-like Protists Absorb nutrients Types Fungus-Like because Produce spores Not like fungus become Different cell constitution then fungus Types Plasmodial slime Cellular slime Water moulds

Plant-Like Protists Nutrition: via photosynthesis Types: Many contain chlorophyll Types: Diatoms Rigid cell walls with an outer layer of silica Dinoflagellates Have two flagellates (e.g. red tide, coral-protist) Euglenoids Shallow fresh waters Has an eye-spot to detect light Autotroph when enough light, heterotroph when light decreases Algea

Outside the grid Viruses and Prions

1. Viruses A) Non-living arguments B) Living arguments 1. Cannot live independently (require a host or remain dormant) 2. Not Cellular B) Living arguments 1. Contain genetic material (RNA and DNA) 2. Reproduce

Classifying viruses Classification based on 1. Capsids Protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of a virus Spherical Cylindrical Crystalline

Classifying viruses 2. Diseases they cause Viruses that affect humans are divided into 21 groups based on the differences in their genome and replication methods

The lytic cycle 1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Replication 4. Assembly 5.a) Lysis 5. b) Release

The lysogenic cycle Attachment Entry Provirus Formation

Virus working for us Virus use in biotechnology ability to direct the activity of the hosts cell DNA Addition of a specific gene into the virus Virus can deliver and force organism to replicate that gene

Prions Prions Protein Do not contain RNA or DNA (not a virus) Becomes harmful when it changes its molecular shape Cause several deadly brain diseases Creutzfeld-Jakob disease Mad-cow disease in bovine