Confederation Government in New York City The Articles of Confederation were intentionally weak in order to protect state & individual liberties But, the inability of the national gov’t to tax & unify the states led to problems like Shays’ Rebellion Confederation Government in New York City

In May 1787, 55 delegates held a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to discuss ways to strengthen the national gov’t… …But instead of revising the Articles of Confederation, they replaced it with the Constitution

The Constitution was a radical shift from the AOC because it gave more power to the national gov’t than to the state gov’ts The supremacy clause establishes the Constitution (not the states) as the "the supreme law of the land"

The national government under the Constitution would have new features & powers that the Articles of Confederation did not have Rather than a single unicameral Congress, the new national government would be divided among three equal branches of government

Unlike the AOC, Congress had the power to tax & coin money Like the AOC, the gov’t had a Congress (legislative branch) to make laws Unlike the AOC, the new gov’t had a president (executive branch) to lead the nation and enforce laws passed by Congress Unlike the AOC, Congress had the power to tax & coin money Unlike the AOC, the new gov’t had a court system (judicial branch) to interpret laws and prosecute federal crimes

Delegates at the Constitutional Convention agreed on some major philosophical ideas for the new national government

Popular Sovereignty: the people have power by voting for leaders Limited gov’t: even though the national government was stronger, citizens’ liberty was still protected Federalism: the national gov’t shares power with state gov’ts

Separation of powers: three branches with defined powers Checks & balances: each branch can limit the power of the others

The delegates at the convention had to negotiate a series of compromises in order to agree on a framework for government Many of these compromises dealt with how representatives would be chosen from the states to serve in Congress

Critical Thinking Question A: Large States vs. Small States

The large states supported the Virginia Plan which proposed adding a president to lead the nation and a bicameral congress in which larger states have more representatives The small states supported the a New Jersey Plan which called for a unicameral congress in which states are equally represented just like the AOC

In the Senate each state has 2 reps who serve 6-year terms The Great Compromise resolved the differences between the large & small states by creating a bicameral Congress In the Senate each state has 2 reps who serve 6-year terms In the House of Representatives, the number of reps is determined by each state’s population

Critical Thinking Question B: Southern Slave States vs Critical Thinking Question B: Southern Slave States vs. Northern Free States

Northern & Southern states could not agree whether or not to count slaves towards population size If slaves are counted, Southern states would have more votes and power in the House of Representatives The Three-Fifths Compromise allowed states to count three of every five slaves toward taxation and population size

Critical Thinking Question C: To End Slavery or Not

Many Northerners wanted to use the Constitutional Convention to end slavery, but Southerners threatened to leave the USA anytime slavery was discussed As a compromise for the South, the slave trade could continue for 20 more years & runaway slaves would be returned to slave masters

James Madison negotiated and wrote much of the framework of the new government and is referred to as the “father of the Constitution”

From May to September 1787, the delegates at the Constitutional Convention worked out a framework for a new federal system of government But, this plan for government had to be ratified by 9 states if it was to replace the Articles of Confederation Great chronolony of events in the Constitutional Convention and ratification debate (from constitution.com) http://www.constitution.org/afp/afpchron.htm

Many Americans were concerned about the possibility of tyranny because the Constitution gave more power to the national government over the states

The Anti-Federalists were led by Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams Those who opposed the Constitution, feared a stronger national gov’t , and wanted states to remain power were called Anti-Federalists The Anti-Federalists were led by Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams

Patrick Henry, speech in opposition to the Constitution, 1788 “Show me that age and country where the rights and liberties of the people were placed on the sole chance of their rulers being good men, without a consequent loss of liberty?” Patrick Henry, speech in opposition to the Constitution, 1788

Those who supported the new Constitution and a stronger national gov’t were called the Federalists Federalist leaders James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote a series of essays called the Federalist Papers to counter the arguments of the Anti-Federalists

“Nothing is more certain than the indispensable necessity of government… People must cede some of their natural rights in order to vest it with requisite powers.” (Federalist #2) “…the smaller the number of individuals composing a majority, the more easily will they execute their plans of oppression. Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will invade the rights of other citizens.” (Federalist #10) “[If the] federal gov’t is entrusted with the care of the common defense…that gov’t ought to be clothed with all the powers requisite to complete execution of its trust.” (Federalist #23)

Some states ratified the Constitution quickly, but states with large majorities of Anti-Federalists refused without a Bill of Rights to protect their liberty New Hampshire was the 9th state to ratify the Constitution which went into effect in 1789, but the Federalists wanted all 13 states to ratify the new gov’t In 1789, the Bill of Rights was introduced and the last two states ratified the Constitution by 1790

The Bill of Rights was approved in 1791

Today, the Constitution is the oldest existing written gov’t in the world and is a model for other nations

Closure Activity: Create a symbol or cartoon that describes the main idea of each amendment