O T T F F S S E __ What comes next?

It’s EASY if you know the PATTERN! (Just like Punnett Squares) 9 NINE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 O T T F F S S E __ I V E X EVEN IGHT N E W O H R E O U R

PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES 11-2

PROBABILITY ____________________ is the __________ that a particular _________________ likelihood event will occur It can be written as a: Fraction ____ Percent ____ Ratio ____ 1/4 25% 1:3

COIN FLIP 1/2 50% 1:1 There are 2 possible outcomes: HEADS TAILS http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/CoinFlip.jpg COIN FLIP There are 2 possible outcomes: HEADS TAILS The chance the coin will land on either one is: ____ ____ ____ 1/2 50% 1:1

Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip. . . So can use probability to predict outcomes of genetic crosses.

PROBABILITIES _____ outcomes ______ affect _________ones _____________works ______ in ___________ a ________ number of events. PAST DON’T FUTURE If last coin flip was heads… there is still a 50/50 chance the next flip will be heads too. Probability predicting best large The more flips. . . The closer results will be to the expected 50:50 average.

DOMINANT/RECESSIVE T t capital Dominant Recessive lower-case _____________ allele is represented by a ____________ letter. (usually the first letter of the trait) ____________ allele is represented by the SAME _________________ letter. EX: Tall = ______ Short =______ capital Recessive lower-case T t NOT S for short

HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS When both alleles in the pair are the _______, the organism is _______________ or __________ EX: ____ or ___ When both alleles in the pair are _____________, the organism is _________________ or _____________ Ex: ____ SAME HOMOZYGOUS PURE TT tt DIFFERENT HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID Tt

REMEMBER…. a dominant allele hides the presence of a recessive allele

PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE The ________________ of an organism is its _____________ The ____________of an organism is genetic makeup GENOTYPE appearance PHENOTYPE

MAKING A CROSS for only a __________ trait = ____________________ ONE GENE MONOHYBRID CROSS A Punnett square for a MONOHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

PUNNETT SQUARES are used to show possible offspring from a cross between 2 parents _______________ go at top and on left side Boxes show ____________ ___________________ Parent alleles T T T t possible offspring combinations

STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes 1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________

T t TALL = ____ SHORT = ____ IN PEA PLANTS Tall is dominant over short LET’S MAKE A CROSS! PURE TALL PURE SHORT X

PURE TALL parent What are the parent alleles? T T _________ HOMOZYGOUS   What gametes can it make? T T

PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles? t t _________ HOMOZYGOUS   What gametes can it make? t t

T t T t T t T t T t Find the Pattern… ALL _____ of the offspring ____ % ___/4 will be t T t T t 100 4 T t T t Tt TALL GENOTYPE _____ PHENOTYPE _______

HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles? T t _________ HETEROZYGOUS   What gametes can it make? T t

T t T t T T T t T t t t Find the Pattern… GENOTYPES ¼ = _____ ½ = _____ T T T T t TT Tt t T t t t tt 3/4 75 TALL PHENOTYPES ____ or ____% _________ ____ or ____% _________ 1/4 25 SHORT

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS Tall = ____ Round seeds = ___ Short = ____ Wrinkled seeds = ___ T t r

What are the possible gametes? Homozygous Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? T T   T T

What are the possible gametes? PURE wrinkled parent = What gametes can it produce? rr   r r

What are the possible gametes? Heterozygous Round parent = What gametes can it produce? R r   R r

What are the possible gametes? Hybrid Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? Tt   T t

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Storage and transfer of genetic information

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change. 9-12.L.2.1. Students are able to predict inheritance patterns using a single allele. (APPLICATION)

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring PROFICIENT level: explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring; BASIC level identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to offspring;