Extended Producer Responsibility for Automobiles in North America 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Automobile Impacts Multiple Impacts Across Auto Lifecycle Materials production and manufacturing Fuel processing emissions Metals, plastics, painting and coating Tailpipe emissions from fuel combustion Climate change- 33% of all sources Urban air pollution End-of-Life vehicle impacts Metals recycling processes, Auto “fluff” Auto salvage yards 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Auto Production Materials Production and Waste Generation Largest manufacturing industry, and also biggest polluter Major consumer of metals, glass, rubber, and plastics 60-70% of U.S. lead, iron and rubber use End-of-life recycling and disposal processes Emissions of mercury, lead, dioxins, PAH’s, and other contaminants from material recovery Only 75% recycled 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Releases from Production Materials Production and Waste Generation Major consumer of steel, aluminum, rubber, plastics and other metals 60-70% of nation’s lead and rubber use Releases from all production processes? One estimate: 30,000 lbs. waste/emissions per vehicle (10/1 waste to product) End-of-life recycling and disposal processes Emissions of mercury, lead, dioxins, PAH’s, and other contaminants from material recovery 20 - 25% not recycled, by weight (~700 lbs.) 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Clean Production Material Phase-Outs Clean Manufacturing Mercury, lead, PVC, other PBT’s Clean Manufacturing Water and powder-based coating systems Recyclability and Recycled Content Targets for high level of material recovery Product “Take-Back” or EPR Material Collection and Recycling 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

EU’s ELV Directive End-of-Life Vehicle Directive of 2000 Phase-Out of Materials of Concern Mercury, lead, cadmium and hex chrome PVC, under review Recyclability Targets 85% recycled or recovered by 2006 95% by 2015 End-of-Life Management Req’s Facility registration Removal of hazardous and recyclable materials before shredding 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Mercury Products legis. Vermont labeling law Northeast states (NEWMOA) model legislation included manufacturer responsibility req’s Automobiles implicated as significant source, due to use of mercury-containing switches 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Auto Mercury Applications Convenience Lighting “Most” pre-1995 hood and truck lights Anti-lock Brake Systems(ABS) Other HID Headlamps Navigational displays Backlit instruments Family entertainment systems 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Strategic Research Mercury in Fleet 11.2 tons used in 1996 170 - 200 million switches now on the road 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Electric Arc Furnaces 120 U.S. facilities 37% of domestic scrap from the auto sector Recent stack testing for mercury 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Phase-out Hg switches finally phased out in new vehicles at end of 2002 150 tons of mercury still on the road the problem now 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Switches in US Fleet 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Switch Retirement 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Mercury in Vehicles 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Mercury Switch Recovery Goal of 90% Capture Rate Both In-Use and End-of-Life Collection Dealers, service stations, etc. Auto dismantling facilities Manufacturer responsibility Financial incentives for dismantlers Responsibility for infrastructure gaps 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Partnership for Mercury-Free Vehicles Coalition between environmental groups, auto dismantlers, and steel recycling industries Developed Action Plan and Model legislation based on EPR approach Maine, first state to pass “manufacturer responsibility” legislation 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Maine legislation Auto recyclers required to remove mercury switches and mercury headlamps prior to being crushed By January 1, 2003, automobile manufacturers must: establish consolidation centers for mercury switch collection, pay a minimum $1 bounty for each switch turned in, pay for transport and recycling of switches collected help identify makes & models containing mercury switches Mercury switches prohibited from new cars A goal of 90 pounds of mercury removal per year is established to guide program evaluation. Detailed reporting required to track program success 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Maine implementation Law being implemented as of Jan. 2003 3rd party contractor for participating companies Automakers challenged law in federal court, claiming conflicts with interstate commerce. “Maine’s law effectively forces out-of-state companies to enter the recycling business against their will and, in effect, subsidizes the balance sheets of Maine’s recyclers and disposal companies who are relieved of the burden of having to handle these waste substances.” Jo Cooper, Alliance of Automobile Mcfc’s 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Other Legislation Several other states have legislation pending, following Maine’s lead NE states, NJ, and Calif. Michigan exploring a negotiated program 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Issues Retroactive responsibility Performance standard for recovery Financial incentives, or “bounty” Alt’s to manufacturer responsibility Fees on products; state-run program? “Shared” responsibility? Promoting green design EPR for other materials, “whole car”? 2/23/2019 Ecology Center

Resources www.cleancarcampaign.org Clean Car Campaign: 2/23/2019 Ecology Center