Theme V: Movement towards emancipation Campaign for the abolition outside Parliament Opposition to Abolition Abolition of the Slave Trade Amelioration and its failure The Movement to end Slavery Aims and Failures of the Apprenticeship period

CAMPAIGN FOR THE ABOLITION OUTSIDE PARLIAMENT Topic: The development of the Humanitarian Objective: Explain the relationship between the growth of humanitarians and the rally for the end of Slavery. The 18th century made way for a stage of growth and development for European countries as well as their colonies. It is safe to say, the balancing of societies, socially and economically combined with travel within and outside of a persons home country lead to the expansion of knowledge and empathy which contributed to the development of the humanitarian. “A humanitarian is someone who believes in improving conditions in which men spend their lives”.

CW: Review of a Negros's complaint by William Cowper During this period humanitarian became empathetic toward the treatment of Negroes as slaves. Three particular groups of individuals are identified with for their contribution to the end of the slave trade, all motivated for different reasons; The Quakers Granville Sharp Religious Missionaries This group is considered the most important in the emancipation movement because they led their cause through their actions and they were a relatively powerful group.

HW: Research the relationship between the Quakers and the Amish religions The Quakers were also referred to as the society of friend. Their religious practice was “no-frills” and they were held in a plain building with no similarity of any common church service. The daily life of a Quaker was equally as modest. Although there were a number of Quakers who lived inside of mainland Britain, quite a number had relocated to colonies like Pennsylvania and Barbados where they could live without persecution. The sects leader George Fox, encouraged the members to invite their slaves into their services.

Another policy held by the religious group was to liberate any slave who had paid his due as a loyal servant. In 1676, the group led the movement by denouncing slavery and emancipating all slaves. The actions of the Quakers did not go unnoticed nor without criticisms. The group had already been under fire from the colonial assemblies for not participating in such social roles as government offices and the militia. The groups took a stance on slavery and passed a proposal to end slavery in 1721. Any Quaker still participating in slavery by 1761 was expelled from the religion.

Granville Sharp Granville Sharp was a self-promoted success to the emancipation movement. His passion was the basis of his efforts. Although as an individual he did not own slave and abandon the idea like the Quakers he pushed the British legal system to acknowledge the shortcomings of the institution of slavery. His motivation to the struggle came through his encounter with Jonathon Strong a slave who had been abused by his owner in mainland England where the colonial laws regarding slavery did not apply. In his case to get Strong’s freedom he could not get a ruling from the judge on whether slavery itself was illegal he pushed forward with his research bring more case studies to the attention of the judge until his goal was achieved.

In 1770 he took the case of Thomas Lewis in front of a magistrate and tried to get a ruling that slavery was indeed illegal, but Lewis case was not under the precedence as he had ran away but his master had no definitive proof of his ownership; in Strong’s case ownership could have been proven and the ruling was that a master could recover a runaway slave. The 1772 case of James Somerset that Sharp presented was much similar to Strong’s and he was able to force Lord Mansfield to rule; a decision that took four months. Mansfield, who was not for the abolition of slavery, finally ruled that although slavery was not illegal, a person could not be enslaved by the use of force. Although this ruling was not as definitive as Sharp would have liked its overall meaning led that slavery could not be practiced on mainland Britain.

Religious Missionaries: A combined effort (HW: Read Chapter 18 and complete Further study 1-3 Tuesday April 2. The group that rallied for the abolition of slavery continuously grew and with the help of the Quakers, officially became an anti-slavery society which developed into the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave trade in 1787. This slight change in the objective of the group who no longer fought for the end of slavery, rather the end of the trade itself, served to force the end of slavery by a shortage of human commodity, rather than deal with the repercussion of compensating planters for their loss in the emancipation of slaves. The committee was supported by other groups like the Baptists and Methodists, and over time the Anglicans. The group were mockingly referred to as the “Saints” and also adopted the title “Clapham Sect”.

Identify the effort and objective of the following groups in the attempt to abolish slavery: Granville Sharp The Quakers The Saints Identify and explain the arguments made by slavers in defense of the slave trade and give the counter arguments.

Topic: Arguments For and Against Slavery Objective: To identify the arguments made in defense of slavery and those made against it. Slavers claimed that the slave trade was healthy for training sea men in the event of a war, the counter argument put forth by Thomas Clarkson, an abolitionist and members of the “Clapham Sect” was that many sailors died during the middle passage so this training method would not be effective. Slave traders produced that slavery was needed to support the sugar industry as well as the continue the prosperity of the port of Liverpool and Bristol which were the largest slaving ports. In fact, the ships that the slavers referred to represented only 1:12 of the ships in 1782 and only 1:24 by 1807.

Much of the British trade interest who focused on East India, from which commodities like tea and cotton could be purchased. Moreover, India did not utilize slave labour. Support to the abolition of the trade was fostered by economic theorist Adam Smith who theorized that free trade would be more lucrative than slavery as forced labor was often not completed as well, besides, costs were often incurred through the purchase, replacement and care-taking of slaves.

Final steps to abolition Objective questions What impact did the phrase “Am I not a man and a brother” intend to have on the thoughts of the African slave trade? What argument did Prime Minister Pitt give as a lack of support for the abolition of the slave trade? How did the French war in St Domingue impact the decision not to end the slave trade? What two basis did the ending of the slave trade ultimately get after the successful revolution of Haiti? Describe the relationship between liberated Africans (during the years immediately following the slave trade) and the African country Sierra Leone.

AMELIORATION Objectives : 1. Explain the purpose of Amelioration 2 AMELIORATION Objectives : 1. Explain the purpose of Amelioration 2. Describe why Amelioration failed The concept of Amelioration came out of efforts of the West India Committee, who supported slavery, to hinder its abolition; they offered the compromise better treatment of slaves. The compromise was accepted by both sides by way of the “amelioration proposals” passed in May 1823. The West India Committee found itself torn between trying to maintain slavery and the unflinching position of the planters.

The changes were not warmly accepted by the colonial governors: Demerara: The governor refused to publish the proposals Trinidad: A request for the withdrawal of the request was submitted Dominica: The colony rallied for its independence Jamaica: Considered joining the United States Barbados: Considered the colony was already empathic towards Blacks, and adopted the most minor of the changes. Assignment: What changes was the Amelioration Proposal suppose to bring into effect? {10 minutes]

Reform and Emancipation Acts Objectives:

Emancipation Act Objective: