We know it’s BIG…but HOW do we know that?

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Presentation transcript:

We know it’s BIG…but HOW do we know that? Geologic Time We know it’s BIG…but HOW do we know that?

BIG QUESTIONS: What methods do we use to figure out the age of our earth? How do fossils help us to learn things about the past?

Uniformitarianism Uniformitarianism is the assumption that the same processes that operate on the earth now have always operated on the earth in the past. For example: Given a long period of time, a river can erode a valley. Based on the principle of uniformitarianism, all valleys in the past have been formed by rivers eroding them and all future valleys will be formed this same way

Relative Dating Relative dating refers to the relative order in which things occurred, without knowing the actual date of each event. Relative dating relies on several principles.

Principle of Original Horizontality This principle states that layers of sediment are originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity. This means that any “sloping” of layers must have occurred AFTER the layers formed

Principle of Superposition Layers of earth are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top.

Cross-Cutting Relationships The principle of cross-cutting relationships states that the geologic feature which cuts another is the younger of the two features. Younger

Inclusions This principle states that fragments included in a host rock are older than the host rock itself. This rock (inclusion) must have existed BEFORE the lava (host rock) formed…therefore it is older.

Practice… Identify the layers from oldest to youngest

Absolute Dating Absolute dating refers to the exact age in years of an object Several methods exist for absolute dating.

Radiometric Dating Technique used to date materials such as rocks, using radioactive materials contained in the rocks/fossils This exact age can then help us with some aspects of relative dating

Fossils The preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the past Many fossils can be dated using relative AND absolute dating

Index Fossils A particular plant/animal that only existed for a very short period of time on the earth Useful for relative dating purposes.