Towards a Water Scarcity and Drought Indicator System (WSDiS) Maggie Kossida - Ifigeneia Koutiva - Christos Makropoulos National Technical University of Athens

Objectives of a WSDiS Reliable information base (@ appropriate temporal and spatial resolution) required for decision-making Presentation of an annual EU assessment, based on agreed indices, indicators and data provided by MS and stakeholders to the COM or EEA on a yearly basis a basis for assessment of WS conditions taking into account both demand, supply and availability issues (ie both socioeconomic and environmental dimensions)

A framework for Drought and Water Scarcity Indicators Capturing the reality of the Water Scarcity situation A DPSIR Framework Methodology for trialing the approach and logical testing: An sectors-based approach Fact Sheets/ Situation Assessment for indicators and indices

A basis for indicator development: The DPSIR Framework The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response: a thinking framework for the development and categorisation of indicators Implies a certain causality Allows for feedback loops

Methodology for trialing the approach and logical testing Need to ground the selection of specific indicators in the problem at hand, rather than proceed in selecting indicators abstractly. Avoid long lists of indicators, which may have been “correct” but not necessarily relevant. This complexity requires a step-by-step approach in developing indicators: allow questions of relevance and completeness to be answered throughout.

A sector-based approach. Water Scarcity, results from an imbalance between water availability, and water demand, in different sectors. Suggestion: main water uses are identified and are used as a check list to develop a comprehensive (but relevant) Water Scarcity indicator system

Supporting the indicators Each indicator should be associated with three elements: A Fact Sheet (explaining what is requested and why – specific parameter, resolution, rationale/SPI, methodology, metadata) An Indicator Assessment (presenting a view of the spatial and/or temporal development/trends of the indicator in view of the phenomenon of interest (here: Water Scarcity). Reporting guidelines (defining the format of how to report the indicator): link to SoE reporting sheets & DDs

Process and current state (√) Domestic Water Supply Industry Other (e.g. tourism) Agriculture √ √ √ First comprehensive set of indicators for each use Data availability Survey (06.2009) √ √ ~√ √ Screened set of indicators for each use (narrowed down) Based on specific criteria (e.g. suitability, data availability, reproducibility, capacity if integration, clarity, diagnostic ability etc. PILOT RBDs testing Final set of indicators Assessments

Agriculture Linked to IRENA indicators as much as possible

Domestic Water Supply Main sub-domains remain almost the same. RESPONSES Economic Technical Legislative Education Responses can change a driver Responses can be a driver for change can mitigate Responses an impact Drivers results in pressures Which ( adversely ) change the state Changes of state have impacts Pressures have Impacts Which we undertand by monitoring the Impacts call for responses STATE Water quantity Water quality (status of water bodies) Land cover Infrastructure PRESSURES Anomalies in physical parameters Population Water demand (water use, water abstraction) Pressure on water supply infrastructure Pollution Land cover change DRIVERS Climatic changes Population change (growth, migration, urbanisation) Living conditions (economy, social perceptions) IMPACTS Water resources Environmental Socio-economic Main sub-domains remain almost the same. new additions are also important Indicators in green colour already included in the SoE#3

Industry Water Supply In progress… DRIVERS RESPONSES PRESSURES IMPACTS Economic Technical Legislative Education Responses can change a driver Responses can be a driver for change can mitigate Responses an impact Drivers results in pressures Which ( adversely ) change the state Changes of state have impacts Pressures have Impacts Which we undertand by monitoring the Impacts call for responses STATE Water quantity Water quality (status of water bodies) Land cover Infrastructure PRESSURES Anomalies in physical parameters Water demand (water use, water abstraction) Pressure on water supply infrastructure Pollution Land cover change DRIVERS Climatic changes IMPACTS Water resources Environmental Socio-economic In progress…

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Data Availability Survey (06.2009) table 2: State & Quantity of Water Resources (WR Availability + Use) table 3: Socio-economic parameters table 4: Environmental parameters

Example Indicators for Domestic: Drivers Climatic changes Changes in T, P, ET as compared to regional (or national) LTAAs Climatic changes (anthropogenic or otherwise) are a main driver of change for domestic water supply either due to weather conditions (extreme heat etc) Population Growth Change in population (increase/decrease) within the region (RBD or country) Natural population change Change of residential population. Net migration Nights spent at hotels, similar establishments and other collective accommodation. Population growth impact domestic water supply through: increased water demand; increased demand for land, urbanisation that increases and concentrates water demand in big cities. Migration may create a non planned move of population into urban areas increasing the need for water and new infrastructure. Seasonal population due to tourism drive water consumption. Living conditions Distribution of rooms per person - By tenure status of the household Household expenditure per inhabitant, by category Better living conditions drive an increase in domestic water demand.

Example Indicators for Domestic: Pressures Anomalies in physical parameters P anomaly ETa anomaly Population Population density Water use Domestic water use Water use per large city Water abstraction Water abstraction from GW & SW for public water systems and for domestic self supply Export of water Indirect pressure from other RBD Pressure on water supply infrastructure New public water supply connections for domestic water supply. Measure of the dependability of supply Pollution Significant Point Source Pollution of Surface Waters Emissions to water of hazardous substances from urban sources Returned water after use without treatment This is the SWP13 from WFD reporting requirements. This is the WHS8 indicator from EEA Water quality deterioration contributes to WS as it changes the available water resource (and/or impacts on the cost of returning the water resources at a quality suitable for use) Land Cover Change Land take % of total area of the RBD and % of the various land cover types taken by urban development Similar to the CSI014 but specific for RBD level

Example Indicators for Domestic: State Water Quantity Water Balance Groundwater storage Reservoir Storage Streamflow External water resources used (over total water resources used) This is the SoE#3 EEA’s reporting sheet Dependency ratio that provides info on the reliance of a region/RBD from water resources generated outside its territory (natural external inflows, not imports) Water Quality Status of water bodies: Chemical Status Ecological Status These indicators are required by the WFD. Here will allow the assessment of impacts to the environment, due to water abstraction and water quality degradation resulting from use of domestic water. These impacts are expected to be exacerbated by WS. Land cover Land use Infrastructure Population connected to public water supply. Public water supply system coverage Efficiency: Losses from leakages (return water before use) The state of infrastructure reveals both issues of efficiency of use of water resources and potential for improvement (and hence responses). Education Educational level of population Educational level is considered here as an indicator of perception for practices.

Example Indicators for Domestic: Impact Water Resources Reduction in available water (m3) from surface and groundwater storage Reduction of stream flow (%) increased volume of water imports for domestic consumption This is the transmission of the impact to other regions. Environmental Eutrophication Loss of wetlands Loss of biodiversity Desertification Changes in river morphology (terraces, gullies) Socio-economic Water shortage & interruptions (frequency, duration, extend) Properties subject to low pressure and duration Population affected from water restrictions (levels and duration) Cost of drought mitigation measures (including water transfers and other short term development options) Income losses or additional costs due to drought and water scarcity. Demonstrates the impact of increased water demand and current state on the population.

Example Indicators for Domestic: Response Economic Domestic water tariff and also as percent of household income. Environmental charges as percentage of water tariff. Investments and subsidies in water saving programmes and measures Amount of investments on long term water supply infrastructures: reservoirs, desalination plants, leakage management. Technical (Infrastructure) New metering systems installation Volume of returned flows by source. Volume of treated return water. Volume of additional water resources (Water imports, desalinated water) used for domestic Volume of reused water used for domestic Volume of recycled water Population connected to waste water treatment Design capacity of urban waste water treatment plants # of WWTP per level of treatment (primary, tertiary etc) This indicator shows the margin/opportunity to increase efficiency in water supply and use Legislative Water restrictions imposed: levels and duration Drought management plans Hard constraints in water consumption for agriculture Educational # of programmes raising awareness for domestic water use This response influences the driver on perceptions and is an indicator of water demand management responses.