Body Systems in Vertebrate Animals
1. Vertebrates Have backbones (composed of living cells) Endoskeletons – bone and cartilage inside of body Vertebral columns and skulls Slide 4 of 37
2. Function of Blood 1. Carries food, oxygen, waste, carbon dioxide, and other materials to/from the body’s cells Oxygenated blood – carries oxygen Deoxygenated blood – carries carbon dioxide
3. Heart Arteries – carry blood away from the heart Veins – carry blood to the heart Chambers – spaces in heart (muscle walls) 2 Chambers – fish 3 Chambers – reptiles/adult amphibians 4 Chambers – mammals and birds
4.Respiratory Systems - Gills
4. Respiratory Systems - Gills For vertebrates that live in the water Capillaries (blood vessels) give away carbon dioxide and take oxygen from the water
5. Respiratory System - Lungs Air chambers in the body where blood receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide Lungs of birds, reptiles, and mammals are all different Diaphragm – mammals and humans…muscle to help breathe
5. Respiratory System - Lungs
6. Central Nervous System Controls an organism’s reactions Spinal cord and brain Skull protects the brain; bones of vertebral column protect the spine
7. Peripheral Nervous System Comprised of nerves that branch off of the central nervous system Cranial nerves – connect brain with sensory organs in head Spinal nerves – branch from the spine Sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc)
8. Digestion Flow mouth esophagus small intestine (help from liver, gallbladder, pancreas) large intestine anus
9. Helpers Liver – produces bile; helps to break down fats Gallbladder – temporarily stores the bile produced by the liver Pancreas – produces enzymes that help break down sugars, starches, proteins, and fats
10. Excretion Kidneys – filters waste Ureter – tubes, waste (urine) flows through Bladder – urine (fluid) collects before exiting body