African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.–A.D. 700 African cultures adapt to harsh environments, spread through major migrations, and establish powerful kingdoms. Kuba ceremonial mask, Congo. NEXT

African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.–A.D. 700 SECTION 1 Diverse Societies in Africa SECTION 2 CASE STUDY: Migration SECTION 3 The Kingdom of Aksum These are my notes for slide 2 Map NEXT

Diverse Societies in Africa Section 1 Diverse Societies in Africa African peoples develop diverse societies as they adapt to varied environments. NEXT

Diverse Societies in Africa SECTION 1 Diverse Societies in Africa A Land of Geographic Contrasts Geography of Africa • Large continent but coastline has few ports, harbors, or inlets Challenging Environments • Africa has many deserts, including huge Sahara • The southern edge of the expanding Sahara is called the Sahel • Rainforests found near central part of continent Image Welcoming Lands • Northern coast and southern tip of Africa have Mediterranean climates • Savannas, or grasslands, cover almost half of Africa Image NEXT

Early Humans Adapt to Their Environments SECTION 1 Early Humans Adapt to Their Environments Nomadic Lifestyle • Earliest people are nomadic hunter-gatherers • Herders drive animals to find water, graze pastures Image Transition to a Settled Lifestyle • Agriculture probably develops by 6000 B.C. • As the Sahara dried up, farmers move to West Africa or Nile Valley • Agriculture allows permanent settlement, governments to develop NEXT

Early Societies in Africa SECTION 1 Early Societies in Africa Societies Organized by Family Groups • Extended families made up of several generations • Families with common ancestors form groups known as clans Local Religions • Early religions usually include elements of animism—belief in spirits Keeping a History • Few African societies have written languages • History, literature, culture passed on by storytellers called griots • Cultures in West Africa are advanced long before outsiders arrive NEXT

West African Iron Age Learning About the Past The Nok Culture SECTION 1 West African Iron Age Learning About the Past • Artifacts reveal how people lived in the past • Evidence of sub-Saharan cultures producing iron around 500 B.C. The Nok Culture • Nok—West Africa’s earliest known culture— made iron tools, weapons Image Djenné-Djeno • From 600–200 B.C., cities begin to develop near rivers, oases • Djenné-Djeno—Africa’s oldest known city (250 B.C.), discovered in 1977 • Bustling trade center; linked West African towns, camel trade routes Image NEXT

Section 2 Migration CASE STUDY: Bantu-Speaking Peoples Relocation of large numbers of Bantu-speaking people brings cultural diffusion and change to southern Africa. NEXT

Migration People on the Move Migration Causes of Migration SECTION 2 Migration CASE STUDY: Bantu-Speaking Peoples People on the Move Migration • Migration—permanent move to new place; a pattern in human culture Causes of Migration • Push-pull factors—Conditions that push people out of an area or pull them in Chart Effects of Migration • Brings diverse cultures into contact; changes life in the new land Tracing Migration Through Language • One way to trace migration is to study how languages spread • Africa has many complex language families NEXT

Massive Migrations Bantu-speaking Peoples Migration Begins SECTION 2 Massive Migrations Bantu-speaking Peoples • Bantu-speaking peoples—early Africans who spread culture and language • Originally lived in savanna south of Sahara; now southeastern Nigeria • The word Bantu means “the people” Image Migration Begins • Bantu speakers migrate south and east starting about 3000 B.C. • Live by slash-and-burn farming, nomadic herding • Share skills, learn new customs, adapt to environment Map Continued . . . NEXT

Effects of the Migration SECTION 2 continued Massive Migrations Causes of Migration • Bantu speakers move to find farmland, flee growing Sahara • Need iron ore resources and hardwood forests for iron smelting • Within 1,500 years they reach southern tip of Africa Effects of the Migration • Bantu speakers drive out some inhabitants; intermix with others • Bantu migrations produce a great variety of cultures • Language helps unify the continent Image NEXT

The Kingdom of Aksum Section 3 The kingdom of Aksum becomes an international trading power and adopts Christianity. NEXT

The Kingdom of Aksum The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum SECTION 3 The Kingdom of Aksum The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum Map Aksum’s Geography • Aksum—kingdom replaces Kush in East Africa; blend of Africans, Arabs • Located on Horn of Africa, modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea • Trading kingdom linking Africa and Indian Ocean trade routes The Origins of Aksum • Land first mentioned in Greek guidebook in A.D. 100 • Rulers take control of areas around Blue Nile and Red Sea • Dynasty of Aksum rules until 1975; ends with death of Haile Selassie Image Continued . . . NEXT

Aksum Controls International Trade SECTION 3 continued The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum Aksum Controls International Trade • Aksum is hub for caravan routes to Egypt and Meroë • Adulis, chief port, has access to Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean A Strong Ruler Expands the Kingdom • King Ezana—strong ruler of Aksum from A.D. 325 to 360 • He conquers part of Arabian peninsula, now Yemen • In 350 conquers Kushites and burns Meroë to ground NEXT

An International Culture Develops SECTION 3 An International Culture Develops Aksum Culture • Blended cultural traditions of Arab peoples and Kushites • Adulis population: Egyptian, Arabian, Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian • Greek is international language; Aksumites trade gold to Rome Aksumite Religion • Believe in one god, Mahrem, and that king descended from him • Are animists—worship spirits of nature and ancestors • Exposed to Christianity by traders Continued . . . NEXT

Aksum Becomes Christian SECTION 3 continued An International Culture Develops Aksum Becomes Christian • Young King Ezana educated by Christian man from Syria • As ruler, Ezana declares Christianity as kingdom’s official religion • Aksum, now part of Ethiopia, still home to millions of Christians Image Aksumite Innovations • Written language, minted coins, irrigation canals and dams • Aksumites invent terrace farming due to hilly location • Terraces—steplike ridges constructed on mountain slopes Image NEXT

The Fall of Aksum Islam Islamic Invaders Aksum Isolated SECTION 3 The Fall of Aksum Islam • Aksum kingdom lasts 800 years; witnesses rise of Islam religion • Followers of prophet Muhammad conquer all of Arabia by 632 Islamic Invaders • Between A.D. 632 and 710, Islamic invaders leave Aksum alone • In A.D. 710, they attack port city of Adulis, causing Aksum’s decline Aksum Isolated • As Islam spreads, Aksum rulers move capital to northern Ethiopia • Isolation, soil erosion, deforestation cause loss of remaining power NEXT

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