i.e. Intro to Organic Chemistry (Unit 3: Biochemistry) Macromolecules i.e. Intro to Organic Chemistry (Unit 3: Biochemistry)
Organic Chemistry = Carbon How many electrons in it’s outer shell? (valence electrons) So how many bonds can it form (and what kind)? Great versatility Chains Rings Single, Double, Triple bonds Well at least the study of carbon compounds
Macromolecules “Large” molecules formed from many smaller molecules One “unit” is called a monomer Monomers joined together to make polymers (polymerization) Hundreds, thousands, hundreds of thousands
Types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins
Carbohydrates Carbon : Hydrogen : Oxygen ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 Used for energy, but also structural purposes Complex carbohydrates stored as starches Monosaccharides – simple sugars Glucose, galactose (milk), fructose (fruits) So then what are polysaccharides? Example: glycogen (animal starch) Plants use cellulose – tough and flexible for structure! Cellular respiration – stay tuned! When your blood glucose runs low, glycogen is released!
Energy Carbohydrates play an important role in the acquisition of energy Cellular respiration produces ATP—a temporary form of energy Photosynthesis produces glucose! What pigments in plants absorb light? Chlorophylls, Xenophylls, Caratenoids, Anthrocyanins
Types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins
Lipids Most are formed when a glycerol is joined to a fatty acid Include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids Mostly carbon and hydrogen – NOT soluble in water Very important part of cell membranes (Phospholipid bilayer) Hydrophobic tail and Hydrophillic head Most are formed when a glycerol is joined to a fatty acid Saturated v. unsaturated Steroids – chemical messengers Saturated – maximum number of hydrogen molecules!
Types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins
Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA - SO MUCH MORE to come later in the year Store and transmit genetic information Monomer = nucleotides Sugar (different in DNA v. RNA) Phosphate Nitrogenous base – ATCG(U)
Types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins
Proteins Monomer = amino acids! Central Dogma: DNA » RNA » Protein Amino group Carboxyl group R group – determines the amino acid! Uniformity allows them to (peptide) bond, forming a protein! Central Dogma: DNA » RNA » Protein Each protein has a specific role (enzymes) Period 5 got to here
Protein Levels of Organization Primary – sequence of amino acids Secondary – sequence forms helix shape or folded sheet Tertiary – helices or sheets combine to form a bundle Quaternary – multiple bundles are grouped together