Time Period 4! Age of Exploration and Early Industrialization 1450 – 1750 Introduce the “Old” and “New” Worlds Europe emerges from Feudalism with new power and wealth(Byzantine are gone) Exploration by Europe West to Americas, East into Indian Ocean Exploitation of various peoples to extract and produce resources for wealth by the Europeans Transformation of various regions as Europeans integrate into many societies, placing themselves at the top of various social structures globally Chapters 11,15,17,18 = Test 1 Chapters 16,19,20 = Test 2

1490s, Portugal funded explorations, but chose to go around Africa, giving them entrance into the IOTR. Spain funded similar explorations that lead to the “discovery” of the Americas, fueled by interests in finding shorter routes to Spice trade in SE Asia. From now on, the “Old World” refers to Afro-Eurasia, and the “New World” refers to the Americas – Treaty of Tordesillas divides these two regions between Spain and Portugal

To the East – Portugal Conquers Indian Ocean Trade – Starting in late 15th century

To the West – Spain Conquers territory, and slowly transforms the landscape through the Columbian Exchange – Starts early 16th C.

Americas – 16th C. As smallpox and conquest dominated natives, the Spanish and other European colonies turned to a new source of forced labor, leading to the rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Europe and the Americas 16th Century

Americas – 17th and early 18th Centuries

Early 17th and 18th Centuries Continued

In Summary Americas: New tech and disease allows Europe to conquer, enslave natives to mine silver, and then replace them with African slaves to profit from raw materials (sugar, cotton, tobacco, coffee). Mass conversion to Christianity takes place, often by force. New ethnicities emerge as a result of the mixing of many races of people. Indian Ocean: Portugal replaces the rulers of nearly all Indian Ocean city-states, paving the way for other European nations to dominate Indian Ocean trade (Dutch, Spanish, British, French) Europe: Massive increase in wealth and population (pop from new world foods like corn and potatoes) from colonies. 1st half of period, 1450-1600, Spain and Portugal dominate. 2nd half of period and beyond, the British emerge as the dominant world power. Africa: Beginning of a decline that will last through the 20th century. Depopulation and slave trade leads to increase in conflict and overall instability, which further opens Africa to increasing Imperialism by Europeans from 1600 on Middle East and Central Asia New Land Empires are strengthening, the Ottoman, the Safavid, and the Mughal Empires Russia: It starts to become a thing! By the end of this time period, Russia under Peter the Great will be slowly emerging from slavery into serfdom, and start westernizing, but stay well behind Europe in terms of tech and power China: Hoarding silver, Isolation, trade continues w/ Europe but only at a single port in the city of Canton. Europe begs for more exports but China refuses, leading to increasing tensions by the mid 1800s

Brief Intro to 11 - 15 Time Period: 1450-1550 (except Aztec and Inca in Americas, they were c. 600- 1500) Region: Old AND New! World Motives to go explore on tiny baby boats (caravel) – God, Glory, Gold They find gold, silver, and unintentionally eliminate nearly 90% of all native Americans through smallpox and other disease! Those who don’t die get enslaved and forcibly converted to Christianity! ( im generalizing, there were many willing converts because of the appealing message of Christianity and generosity of missionaries, and there were at times positive relationships between the Europeans and the Natives, but largely most of these encounters were negative) The story of the New world starts in the Caribbean, Central America (Mesoamerica) and South America, not North America