AP Human Geography Chapter 3 Review

Migration Migration – the long-term relocation of an individual, household, or group to a new location outside the community of origin. Immigration – to come into a country of which one is not a native for permanent residence Emigration – to leave one's place of residence or country to live elsewhere

Movement Cyclic Movement – movement away from home for a short period. Commuting Seasonal movement Nomadism Periodic Movement – movement away from home for a longer period. Migrant labor Military service Transhumance

Question #3!!!! Internal Migration - Movement within a single country’s borders (also implying a degree of permanence).

Types of Migration Circular migration Spring Summer Fall / Winter Spring Summer Circular migration A type of temporary migration. Associated with agricultural work. The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time. Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers).

Types of Migration Internal Migration Within one country. Crossing domestic jurisdictional boundaries; between states or provinces. Little government control. Factors: Employment-based. Retirement-based. Education-based. Civil conflicts (internally displaced population). Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

National Migration Flows Also known as internal migration - e.g. US, Russia, Mexico

Types of Migration Voluntary migration Forced Migration The migrant makes the decision to move. Most migration is voluntary. Forced Migration Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process. Slavery. About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867. In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States. Refugees. Military conscription. Children of migrants. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University 8

Forced Migration The Trail of Tears, 1838

Voluntary Migration – Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to emigrate from the home country and second, where to go. Distance Decay - weighs into the decision to migrate, leading many migrants to move less far than they originally contemplate.

Kinds of Voluntary Migration Step Migration – When a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or steps toward a final destination. Intervening opportunity - At one of the steps along the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there. Chain Migration – When a migrant communicates to family and friends at home, encouraging further migration along the same path, along kinship links.

Types of Push and Pull Factors Economic Conditions Political Circumstances Armed Conflict and Civil War Environmental Conditions Culture and Traditions Technological Advances

Economic Conditions Migrants will often risk their lives in hopes of economic opportunities that will enable them to send money home (remittances) to their family members who remain behind.

Environmental Conditions In Montserrat, a 1995 volcano made the southern half of the island, including the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable. People who remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.

Political Conditions Oppressive regimes engendering migration flows Vietnam, 1975 Uganda, 1972 Cuba, 1980

Armed Conflict & Civil War Yugoslavia, 1990s (Ethnic conflicts) Broken into: Slovenia Macedonia Croatia Serbia Montenegro Bosnia 3 million people displaced Rwanda, 1990s Tutsi-Hutu Conflict (Social class conflicts) 2 million people displaced

Major Global Migration Flows From 1500 to 1950

Guest Workers Guest workers – migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides. - have short term work visas - send remittances to home country

Refugees A person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

Regions of Dislocation – What regions generate the most refugees? Subsaharan Africa North Africa and Southwest Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Europe -seek asylum: protection in one state from another state -United Nations helps with repatriation- returning to the homeland once it is safe

BARRIERS TO MIGRATION Historically, migrations have faced tremendous physical boundaries such as mountain chains and oceans. However, in more recent times physical boundaries take a back seat to political boundaries. Technology has allowed us to overcome the physical restraints; but it does not affect the political ones.

GOVERNMENTS PLACE LEGAL RESTRICTIONS ON MIGRATION Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration of certain groups into a country. Quotas limit the number of migrants from each region into a country. A country uses selective immigration to bar people with certain backgrounds from entering.

Ellis Island National Monument U.S. MIGRATION Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain Three trends: Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods often result of chain migration Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York Caribbean: Florida or New York Chinese and Indians: New York & California Other Asians: California Ellis Island National Monument