Card 1 Water’s structure Continued on next slide Partial positive and negative charge = polar This causes water to stick to other water molecules = cohesion Causes water to stick to other substances = adhesion (think of adhesive band aid) Allows water to dissolve most substances = universal solvent Water is less dense when it freezes, so ponds do not freeze from the bottom up; only the top freezes Continued on next slide

Card 1 continued Surface tension = water sticks to its self (cohesion) and forms a film on top of the water, which allows insects to walk on it (adhesion) Capillary action = water sticks to is self (cohesion) and is pulled up the vascular tissue in plants (adhesion) Hydrogen bonds holds individual water molecules together

Card 2 The pH scale measures how acidic or basic something is Acids are 0-7 on the scale Neutral is 7 (water) Bases are 7-14 on the scale Remember that A comes before B. Acid___________________Base 0 7 14

Card 3 Carbohydrate Lipid Organic because contains carbon Organic Made up of CHO (in a ration of 1-2-1) Made up of monosaccharide (monomer) ex glucose Polysaccharide (polymer) ex starch Provides short term energy, makes up cell wall in plants Lipid Organic Made up of CHO (no specific ratio) Made up of fatty acids (monomer) Chain of fatty acids (polymer) ex fats Provides long term energy storage, makes up the cell membrane

Card 4 Protein Nucleic acid Organic because contains carbon Organic Made up of CHON Made up of amino acids (monomer) Polypeptide chain or amino acid chain (polymer) ex enzymes Builds muscle and bones, enzymes = catalysts (speed up reactions) Nucleic acid Organic Made up of CHONP Made up of nucleotide (monomer) DNA and RNA Transmits and stores genetic information

Card 5 The lock and key model An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required to start a reaction Enzymes are reused after reactions; stays the same

Card 6 Prokaryote Eukaryote (Euks have nukes) Does not contain a nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles Has ribosomes, cell membrane, and some times cell wall, and DNA loose inside cell Ex bacteria Eukaryote (Euks have nukes) Has a nucleus that contains DNA and other membrane bound organelles Ribosomes = make protein Plant cells have cell wall and chloroplast

Card 7 Cilia = tiny hairs that help cells move Ex paramecium Pseudopodia = movement of cytoplasm helps cells move Ex amobea Flagella = whip like structure that helps cells move Ex euglena

Card 8 Respiratory Circulatory Made up of lungs, trachea, nose Where exchange of gases takes place Breathes out carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen Circulatory Made up of heart, blood, blood vessels Transports nutrients and blood through out the body

Card 9 Digestive Excretory Made up of mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, liver, and large intestines Where nutrients are broken down and absorbed by the body Excretory Made up of blood, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder Where blood is filtered and waste is eliminated from the body

Card 10 Nervous Endocrine Made up of brain, spinal cord, nerves Controls movement in the body (coordination) and communication Endocrine Made up of hormones, hormone secreting glands (thyroid, pituitary) Regulates processes in the body

Card 11 Diffusion Osmosis Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration Form of passive transport because it does not require energy Osmosis Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration Form of diffusion; passive transport because it does not require energy Hypertonic = more water inside the cell (less solute) Hypotonic = more water outside the cell ( less solute) Isotonic = equilibrium; same concentration of water in and out of cell

Card 12 Mitochondria Chloroplast Cellular respiration (power house of cell) ATP is created (energy) Takes place in all organism (bacteria, plants and animals) O2 + C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O + ATP Chloroplast Photosynthesis Use sunlight to make their own food (glucose) Takes place in plants CO2 + H2O + Sunlight → O2 + C6H12O6

Card 13 DNA structure Watson and Crick discovered its shape as a Double Helix, which has a sugar and phosphate backbone with nitrogen bases in the center (rungs) Made up of individual nucleotides Base pairing rules (complimentary) A – T C - G