Catalyst: Proteins and Enzymes Use your notes on PROTEINS What are the monomers of a protein? Are proteins organic? Why or why not? 3. What is the function of enzymes? 4. What protein is involved in sickle cell anemia? 5. What happens to a patient’s blood cells if they have sickle cell anemia?

Catalyst: Proteins and Enzymes Use your notes on PROTEINS What are the monomers of a protein? Amino acids Are proteins organic? Why or why not? Proteins are organic because they contain carbon. 3. What is the function of enzymes? Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. 4. What protein is involved in sickle cell anemia? Hemoglobin 5. What happens to a patient’s blood cells if they have sickle cell anemia?

Announcement You need to complete the winter break packet http://www1.pgcps.org/curriculum/index.aspx?id=76512 Exam upon return

Special Proteins Enzymes are special proteins necessary for all living things

Enzyme Structure Enzymes are proteins, which are chains of amino acids Enzymes have a folded, 3D shape This shape determines an enzyme’s function ENZYME AMINO ACIDS

Why are Enzymes Important? Enzymes speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions in your body by: Breaking molecules apart (ex: digestion) Bringing molecules together (ex: synthesis)

What is a chemical reaction? WHEN ONE SUBSTANCE CHANGES INTO SOMETHING ELSE Reactions have two parts _________________________  __________________________ (STARTING MATERIALS) (ENDING MATERIALS) REACTANTS PRODUCTS

What is in your saliva that speeds up chemical reactions?? ENYZYMES Amylase is the name of the enzyme found in your saliva that speeds up the digestion of carbohydrates Disaccharide (sucrose) 2 monosaccharides of glucose

A few ENZYME examples: All of these names end in the letters “ASE” Amylase: breaks down carbohydrates Lipase: breaks down fats Protease: breaks down proteins What do these names have in common?? All of these names end in the letters “ASE”

The question is… HOW do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? ALL reactions require a certain amount of energy to get started. This energy is called ACTIVATION ENERGY

Take a look at what enzymes do to the activation energy What is shown on the x and y axes? How are the two curves different? What does an enzyme do to activation energy? Why is this important to chemical reactions? Amount of Energy

Summary of Graph An enzyme speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy needed to “jumpstart” a reaction Amount of Energy

How Do Enzymes Function? Why must enzymes LOWER activation energy? BECAUSE bodily reactions occur too slowly without them.

Let’s look more closely at how enzymes make reactions happen so quickly….

An enzyme BINDS to the substrate (reactant) at the ACTIVE SITE. STEP 1: Substrate (Reactant) An enzyme BINDS to the substrate (reactant) at the ACTIVE SITE. Active Site Enzyme

The enzyme and substrate fit together like a KEY in a LOCK. STEP 2: The enzyme and substrate fit together like a KEY in a LOCK. Substrate (Reactant) Enzyme

NEW PRODUCTS ARE FORMED A reaction occurs and the products are formed STEP 3: NEW PRODUCTS ARE FORMED A reaction occurs and the products are formed

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER Substrate Products Active Site Enzyme

KEY TAKEAWAY Enzymes have a specific shape to fit a substrate and carry out a specific reaction http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

Enzyme Characteristics Enzymes are specific: Only one type of substrate works! Enzymes are reusable: Enzymes are not changed by a reaction Enzymes can denature: Change shape because of changes in temperature or pH

Checks For Understanding What type of macromolecule is an enzyme? What are the monomers of this macromolecule? What does an enzyme do? Enzymes speed up reactions in the body by (increasing/decreasing/not changing) activation energy. The molecule an enzyme bonds to at the active site:

Checks For Understanding What type of macromolecule is an enzyme? What are the monomers of this macromolecule? What does an enzyme do? Enzymes speed up reactions in the body by (increasing/decreasing/not changing) activation energy. The molecule an enzyme bonds to at the active site: Protein Amino Acid Speed up chemical reactions DECREASING Substrate

Temperature What temperature does this enzyme work BEST?   As temperature increases from this point, enzyme activity ______________. As temperature decreases from this point, enzyme activity ________________.

Temperature 35 degrees decreases decreases What temperature does this enzyme work BEST?   As temperature increases from this point, enzyme activity ______________. As temperature decreases from this point, enzyme activity ________________. 35 degrees decreases decreases

pH Level What pH does pepsin work BEST at? Is this an acidic, basic, or neutral environment?   What pH does trypsin work BEST at? Is this an acidic, basic, or neutral environment?

pH Level 3 -- acidic 6.5 – slightly acidic What pH does pepsin work BEST at? Is this an acidic, basic, or neutral environment?   What pH does trypsin work BEST at? Is this an acidic, basic, or neutral environment? 3 -- acidic 6.5 – slightly acidic

Enzymes Make the World Function Practice! https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2bJ8MouXDpaaVZDWm1aRU8yNTQ/edit?usp=sharing

Exit Ticket What does an enzyme do? 2) What is the term for a molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme? 3) Enzymes are made up of which macromolecule? 4) List 2 factors that affect how enzymes function. 4) MULTIPLE CHOICE: Which of the following is NOT an example of an enzyme? a) lipase – breaks down fats b) protease – breaks down proteins c) amylase – breaks down carbohydrates d) ATP – provides energy

Exit Ticket What does an enzyme do? Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to start a reaction. 2) What is the term for a molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme? substrate 3) Enzymes are a type of which macromolecule? proteins 4) List 2 factors that affect how enzymes function. pH and temperature 4) MULTIPLE CHOICE: Which of the following is NOT an example of an enzyme? a) lipase – breaks down fats b) protease – breaks down proteins c) amylase – breaks down carbohydrates d) ATP – provides energy

Our final macromolecule!

What do these two things have in common?

Structure of Nucleic Acids Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids Structure of Nucleic Acids Monomer (Building Block): NUCLEOTIDES Nucleotides are made of 3 parts: sugar phosphate group nitrogen base

Nucleic Acids Contain the atoms of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and oxygen Comparing the structure of DNA and RNA. Are nucleic acids organic?

PART 2: Nucleic Acid Functions They store and transmit genetic information They code for the creation of proteins

Part 3: Examples DNA RNA DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA = Ribonucleic Acid How many strands does DNA have? What sugar is DNA made of? How many strands does DNA have? What sugar is RNA made of? Double Stranded (2 strands) Single Stranded (1 strand) deoxyribose ribose

CFU #1!! What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? A)Hydrogen Question #1 What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? A)Hydrogen B)Nucleotides C)Amino acids D)Monosaccharides

CFU #1!! What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? A)Hydrogen Question #1 What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? A)Hydrogen B)Nucleotides C)Amino acids D)Monosaccharides

CFU #2!! What is the functional role of a nucleic acid? To store and transmit genetic information To store energy The main component of biological membrane To send chemical messages through the body

CFU #2!! What is the functional role of a nucleic acid? To store and transmit genetic information To store energy The main component of biological membrane To send chemical messages through the body

Word Bank Single Ribose Double Deoxyribose Fill in the BLANKS Word Bank Single Ribose Double Deoxyribose RNA (ribonucleic acid) = ______________-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar _______________    DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) = ____________-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ______________________

Word Bank Single Ribose Double Deoxyribose Fill in the BLANKS Word Bank Single Ribose Double Deoxyribose RNA (ribonucleic acid) = ______________-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar _______________    DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) = ____________-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ______________________ SINGLE ribose DOUBLE deoxyribose

What foods contain nucleic acids? ALL FOODS

Graphic Organizer! -Enzymes Amino acids -Insulin -Hemoglobin -Collagen -Speed up chemical reactions -Transport substances -Build muscle -Fight disease -Enzymes -Insulin -Hemoglobin -Collagen Amino acids

Store and transmit genetic information Nucleotides DNA and RNA -Speed up chemical reactions -Transport substances -Build muscle -Fight disease -Enzymes -Insulin -Hemoglobin -Collagen Amino acids Store and transmit genetic information Nucleotides DNA and RNA Code for making proteins

Homework: Graphic Organizer https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2bJ8MouXDpaUEthbkxQQjZyMmM/edit?usp=sharing