23 November Today’s Bell Ringer Can you remember the two ways that cells divide and the names of those phases? At the end of this section, students will be able to: explain how new cells are created explain why maintaining chromosome number during cell division is important and how sexual and asexual reproduction may contribute or limit genetic variation describe cancer as uncontrolled cell growth that may have resulted from mutations affecting cell cycle-regulating proteins

Hypothesis If I place snails and elodea in separate test tubes than the snails will produce more carbon dioxide than the elodea because the snails respire more than plant do. or If I place snails and elodea in the same test tube and expose one set of test tubes to 24 hours of light and one set in 24 hours of dark, than there will be less carbon dioxide in the solution in the light after 24 hours because plant photosynthesize, in light and take up carbon dioxide, reduce the amount of that gas in solution. Identify your independent variable The number of snails in a test tube The number of elodea plants in a test tube Light or dark The set up for my control was:

Define the following from Chapter 5: What is the importance of maintaining the same chromosome number at the end of cell division? What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction? Cytokinesis – Mitosis (purpose) – Meiosis (purpose) – Chromosome – Study Guide Questions: Pg. 43 – do all Pg. 44 - #s 5, 6, 9, 12, & 13 Pg. 45 - #s 1 & 3 Pg. 46 - #s 5, the diagram, 7 & 8

Today’s Bell Ringer What is Interphase? 24 November Today’s Bell Ringer What is Interphase? What is happening during the Synthesis phase? What is happening during prophase? What is happening during metaphase? What is happening during anaphase? What is happening during telophase? What is happening during cytokinesis?

The cell cycle has four main stages. The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division.

Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and normal functions The main stages of the cell cycle are gap 1, synthesis, gap 2, and mitosis. Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and normal functions DNA synthesis (S): copies DNA Gap 2 (G2): additional growth Mitosis (M): includes division of the cell nucleus (mitosis) and division of the cell cytoplasm (cytokinesis) Mitosis occurs only if the cell is large enough and the DNA undamaged. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cVZBV9tD-A Mitosis

The object for today is to observe and draw the phases of mitosis. Label the chromosomes and spindle fibers Cytokinesis

30 November Today’s Bell Ringer With your book and notebook closed, write all the components of the cell cycle. What do you remember about each phase? What is the end result of mitosis?

The cell cycle has four main stages. The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division.

Asexual reproduction – Binary fission – Centrioles – Autosome – Define the following: Diploid (2n) – Haploid (n) – Asexual reproduction – Binary fission – Centrioles – Autosome – Somatic cell – Cancer – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zglQ2Ildw4I Diploid vs. haploid cells Cell cycle and cancer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGEu88ujn5w Cancer animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpAa4TWjHQ4

Today’s Bell Ringer 1 December DNA in Gap 1 of Interphase DNA in Prophase A sister chromatid refers to either of the two identical copies (chromatids) formed by the replication of a single chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. The centromere is the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids. During mitosis, spindle fibers attach to the centromere

Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical daughter cells. Parent cell centrioles spindle fibers centrosome nucleus with DNA Interphase prepares the cell to divide. During interphase, the DNA is duplicated. Chromosomes condense tightly for mitosis.

Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases. During prophase, chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers form.

During metaphase, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases. During metaphase, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases. During anaphase, sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell.

Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases. During telophase, the new nuclei form and chromosomes begin to uncoil.

In animal cells, the membrane pinches closed. Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells. In animal cells, the membrane pinches closed. In plant cells, a cell plate forms.

Dec 3 and 4 were the field trip days to Spruce Creek Park Students worked on questions from a packet that covered Mitosis and Meiosis

7 December Today’s Bell Ringer In the “Chapter 12: Cell Cycle” packet, please check to see if you have completed the following questions. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 27, 28, 30, 33, 42, 45, 46, & 47 Dr. Spence will discuss # 42, 45, & 46 on Wednesday We will review these answers in 20 minutes

Today’s Bell Ringer Define the following: Crossing over – 8 December Today’s Bell Ringer Goal for today is to understand that genetic diversity is due to Prophase I of meiosis. Define the following: Crossing over – Sex chromosomes – Reduction division – What is the end result of meiosis? What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction. (make a table)

Today’s Bell Ringer 8 December Study Guide Questions: Pg. 53 – all questions Pg. 54 – 9 – 15 Pg. 55 – all questions Then page 48, the Concept Map and questions 10, 11, & 12 Please do these Study Guide Questions:

You have body cells and gametes. Body cells are also called somatic cells. Somatic cells make up most body tissue and organs, not passed on to offspring. Gametes (germ cells) located in the ovaries and testes. Gametes are sex cells: egg and sperm. Gametes are the cells that pass traits to offspring (children). body cells sex cells (sperm)

Your cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes. Your body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Homologous pairs of chromosomes have the same structure. For each homologous pair, one chromosome comes from each parent. Chromosome pairs 1-22 are autosomes. These contain genes not directly related to gender. Sex chromosomes, X and Y, determine gender in mammals.

Body cells are diploid; gametes are haploid. Fertilization between egg and sperm occurs in sexual reproduction. Diploid (2n) cells have two copies of every chromosome. Body cells are diploid, and divide by mitosis. Half the chromosomes come from each parent. How many chromosomes are present?

Haploid (n) cells have one copy of every chromosome. Gametes are haploid, result from meiosis. Gametes have 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome. How many chromosomes are present?

Meiosis makes haploid cells from diploid cells. Meiosis occurs in sex cells. Meiosis produces gametes.

Chromosome number must be maintained in animals. Many plants have more than two copies of each chromosome. Mitosis and meiosis are types of nuclear division that make different types of cells. Mitosis makes more diploid cells.

Today’s Bell Ringer Define the following: Apoptosis – Cancer – 10 December Today’s Bell Ringer Define the following: Apoptosis – Cancer – Benign – Malignant – Metastasize – Carcinogens – Goal for today is to understand what happens when cells grow out of control.

Apoptosis is programmed cell death. a normal feature of healthy organisms caused by a cell’s production of self-destructive enzymes occurs in development of infants webbed fingers

KEY CONCEPT Cell cycle regulation is necessary for healthy growth.

Internal and external factors regulate cell division. External factors include physical and chemical signals. Growth factors are proteins that stimulate cell division. Cell-to cell contact: most mammal cells form a single layer in a culture dish and stop dividing once they touch other cells.

Carcinogens are substances known to promote cancer. Standard cancer treatments typically kill both cancerous and healthy cells.

Cancer cells do not carry out necessary functions. Cancer cells come from normal cells with damage to genes involved in cell-cycle regulation.

Cell division is uncontrolled in cancer. Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called tumors. Benign tumors remain clustered and can be removed. Malignant tumors metastasize, or break away, and can form more tumors. cancer cell bloodstream normal cell

Begin review for Monday’s test. The test will cover: Photosynthesis Respiration cell cycle mitosis Meiosis cancer.

process in the table below? Can you list the features unique to each process in the table below? Mitosis Meiosis

Do you understand the difference between the following reproductive strategies? Asexual reproduction – Binary fission – Is it more advantageous for an organism to be asexual?

Binary fission is similar in function to mitosis. Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from a single parent. Binary fission produces two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell. Binary fission occurs in prokaryotes. parent cell DNA duplicates cell begins to divide daughter cells

Fragmentation is the splitting of the parent into pieces that each grow into a new organism. Vegetative reproduction forms a new plant from the modification of a stem or underground structure on the parent plant.

1) What is the end result of mitosis? 2) What is the end result of meiosis? 3) What are homologous chromosomes? 4) What happens to the chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis? 5) What are the difference between plant and animal mitosis? http://www.ted.com/talks/spencer_wells_is_building_a_family_tree_for_all_humanity.html Spencer Wells

Why do cells occur in different sizes? How big should cells be? Why do cells occur in different sizes? http://staff.fcps.net/cverdecc/Adv%20Biology/Notes/The%20cell/ch5%20%20the%20cell%20notes.htm

Cell size is limited. Too small: not enough space for organelles Too large: not enough material can move across surface

Cell growth is coordinated with division. Surface area must allow for adequate exchange of materials. Cell growth is coordinated with division. Cells that must be large have unique shapes.

Cells divide at different rates. The rate of cell division varies with the need for those types of cells. Some cells will never divide, perpetual (G0).

Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis. A chromosome is one long continuous thread of DNA. DNA wraps around proteins (histones) that condense it. DNA double helix DNA and histones Chromatin Supercoiled DNA

One half of a duplicated chromosome is a chromatid. DNA plus proteins is called chromatin, which is formed during interphase. centromere Condensed, duplicated chromosome One half of a duplicated chromosome is a chromatid. Sister chromatids are held together at the centromere.

Sister Chromatids