Early History of Sub-Saharan Africa Ch 20-24 Lesson 2

Basic Run-down Nomadic Groups (Berber, Bushmen) Southern Nile River civilization Trans-Saharan Trade (Ghana, Mali, Songhai) East African Trade (Swahili) Exploration of Africa Slave Trade Expands European Colonialism Independence Present-Day: Problems & Successes

Ghana - cultural hearth http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/exploreafricapics/africapromaps/Africa%20kingdoms.jpg Ghana - cultural hearth Large, effectively organized states existed in Africa for centuries before European contact The Great Bantu migration Occurred in waves starting about 5000 years ago Africa was a realm of rich and varied cultures, diverse lifestyles, technological progress, and external trade before European colonization.

Ghana: The Kingdom of Gold 1st great W. Afn trading empires Practiced trad. Afn religions, but very tolerant of Muslim traders CAMEL CARAVANS!

Power came from ability to use iron weapons to control gold and salt trade (Ghana=gold, Sahara=salt) Taxed all trade Collected harvest portions Weakened w/ Berber attacks  enter Islam

The Kingdom of Mali Rose to power after Ghana (about twice the size) Most powerful under rule of Mansa Musa Encouraged Islam (officials had to read/write in Arabic) Made the hajj

Songhai Empire Replaced Mali gradually Islam became official religion Built university in Timbuktu (keeping city @ center)

Bantu Migrations Absorbed other ppl into their society 60 to 150 million ppl speak a Bantu lang. Iron tools allowed more efficient work Est. colony-like states CULTURAL DIFFUSION 

Swahili Trading States Swahili is a Bantu lang. Traded gold, slaves, ivory, leopard skins, etc. with Persia, India, China, & Arabs City development Another Bantu grp. (Shona)

http://exploringafrica. matrix. msu http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/exploreafricapics/africapromaps/Ancient%20Afr%20Hist.jpg

http://exploringafrica. matrix. msu http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/exploreafricapics/africapromaps/Exploration.jpg

The Slave Trade

Triangular Trade

The Atlantic Slave Trade European involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa began in the 15th century Portuguese ships groped their way around the coast looking for a quick way to the Orient. Vasco de Gama Soon Europeans were buying ivory, spices -- and slaves to work in their New World plantations.

Berlin Conference- 1884 How did the Industrial Rev. impact colonialism in Africa? Need cheap labor, raw materials, new markets, and competition b/w countries Why was the Berlin Conf. called? Settle territorial disputes, controlling slave trade, humanitarian work promotion Really just to divvy up continent What was the doctrine of “effective occupation”? To own coastal land, had to prove you were capable of protecting freedom of trade & transit (wealthy and powerful enough to handle it)

Berlin Conference Summary– -14 powers divided up Africa without consideration of cultures -Result of boundaries: 1. African peoples divided 2. Hostile societies thrown together 3. Migration routes cut off

African Independence Really took off after WWII – weakening of Europeans Used Africans for military Larger grp. of educated Afns

Colonial Legacy- Set Up for Failure Weakened African traditions – imposed own culture (“civilizing”) Antagonism between tribes Low level of development *most rely on a single crop or mineral – plantations, mines, etc.; profits to Europe Authoritarian governments *Europeans did not allow opportunities for Africans to participate in government, never knew democratic rule

Each countries  highest-value export

Freedom House Interactive Map