Islam: Beginnings and Beliefs

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Presentation transcript:

Islam: Beginnings and Beliefs

Muhammad, prophet of Islam, is born in 570 CE in Makkah (Arabia) Islam: Beginnings Muhammad, prophet of Islam, is born in 570 CE in Makkah (Arabia) Arabia inhabited by semi-nomadic tribesmen – “Bedoins”; polytheistic Has first revelation in 610, that he is an apostle of Allah – the one true god (influenced by Judaism and Christianity) Forced to flee to Medina in 622; event in Muslim history known as HIJRAH Returns and caputures Makkah in 630, then the entire Arabian peninsula (631) Dies in Medina in 632 M. Orphaned at age 6; trained as a merchant; married a wealthy widow when he was 25 Followers called Muslims – Arabic word meaning “those who submit to God”; Allah is Arabic for God Hijrah marks beginning of Muslim calendar M. Not divine but the greatest prophet; Abraham, Moses, Jesus also were prophets

The Quran: Islam’s Holy book Means “recital” The angel Gabriel revealed messages to Muhammad over 22 years Quran (or Koran) is final authority in matters of faith & lifestyle Basic moral values are similar to Judaism and Christianity; many similar stories in Koran and Bible Muslims cannot: eat pork, drink alcohol, or gamble Law cannot be separated from religion in Islamic society Collected from writings and memories after M.’s death Consists of 114 verses orgainzed into Suras (chapters); written in Arabic Conflict in Muslim world today between fundamentalists and modernists

2. Salat-Prayers: five times a day at appropriate times, facing Makkah Five Pillars of Islam 1.Shahada- Declaration of Faith : “there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet” 2. Salat-Prayers: five times a day at appropriate times, facing Makkah 3. Zakat-Charity (alms to the poor) : 2-5% per year of net income 4. Sawm -Fasting: in the month of Ramadan (Arabic lunar calendar), no eating or drinking from dawn till dusk 5. Hajj- Pilgrimmage: once in a lifetime, to Makkah (Mecca), if possible No baptism needed Prayer morning, noon, afternoon, sundown, evening Ramadan the 9th month, when M. first had his revelation Famous pilgrimage scene in Malcolm X book and movie

Holiest mosque in Mecca; Muslim pilgrims walk around the Kaaba – black stone (meteorite); was originally place for worshipping Arab tribal deities; now thought to be rock where Abraham made covenant with God

Muhammad left no instruction for successor The Spread of Islam Muhammad left no instruction for successor They needed strong leaders known as “caliphs” Caliphs wanted to protect and spread Islam By 650CE they had greatly reduced the Byzantine empire & the Persians They saw these as jihads, or holy struggles. To bring Islam to other lands First four the “rightly guided caliphs” Moved capital from Medina to Damascus; discontent in Iraq, Persia and non-Muslims Threatened Western Europe until defeated at Tours (France) by Charles Martel in 732 Abbasid est. by a descendant of one of Muhammad’s uncles

Divisions in Islam Rival groups fought Some caliphs were murdered- led to divisions 1. Sunnis majority of Muslims believed caliph was aleader, not a religious authority said any devout Muslim could be caliph 2. Shi’ites minority of Muslims said caliph should be descendant of Muhammad Stressed spiritual rather than political aspects Saw suffering and martyrdom as sign of devotion Islam today: 90 % Sunni, 10% Shi’ite (mainly Iran, Lebanon, Iraq)

Two major Islamic dynasties: Umayyad dynasty (661-750): extended Islam from Middle East to N. Africa and Spain. By 700CE Islam had spread to borders of India and China allowed religious freedom for Christians and Jews ( had to pay a tax) Made Arabic official language, built roads The Battle of Tours. 732, stopped the spread of Islam in W.Europe Abbasid dynasty (750-1258): built Baghdad on the Tigris (Iraq) Strategic city, center of trade Over the years, different parts of the empire were taken over or became independent later conquered by Seljuk Turks, Mongols: helped destroy Muslim Empire

Islamic Empire at its height Islam also spreads into southand SE Asia; largest Muslim countries today are Indonesia and Pakistan

Accomplishments of the Muslim World Algebra and trigonometry Geography and astronomy Medicine and chemistry Established early universities and hospitals Improved a Greek invention – astrolabe – made navigation easier, based on position of the stars; measured size and circumference of earth more accurately until 1900s. More widely traveled than Europeans until 1400s Attempted alchemy (turning lead into gold), began study of optics Arabic and Persian the languages of learning (like Latin and Greek in the west)