The European World The European World c.1500.

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Presentation transcript:

The European World The European World c.1500

1500 The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans (1453) The beginning of the Tudor dynasty in England (1485) Columbus' first voyage to the Americas (1492) Muslim stronghold of Granada falls to a unified Castile and Aragon (1492) Jews are expelled from Spain (1492)

Social structures and economic change Population: Black Death of 1348 Social structures: The household The countryside: Elements of continuity an economic system based on agriculture serfdom? Higher levels of market involvement

Urban economic and social development Guilds Banking a wider commercial network administrative centres: responsible for schools, hospitals, provision of welfare (looking after abandoned children, orphans, the elderly and the urban poor) Printing presses

Religious and intellectual life Religion has a strong presence in everyday life(baptism/marriage/la st rites) Attendance at church; saints, relics, penance, pilgrimages, acquiring indulgences

The Papacy has faced some challenges: The Great Schism Heretical movements: the Albigensian (Cathar) heresy, Waldensianism, Lollards (followers of John Wyclif in England) and Hussites (followers of Jan Hus) Erasmian humanism; radical populism of Girolamo Savonarola in Florence Clashes between Church and State

Intellectual developments Renaissance humanism humanists look backwards, not forward The medieval legacy? Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459) - monks and friars contributed nothing to the common good, claiming that ‘Cities are founded on our labours, not by these lazy scarecrows... those hypocrites and strolling scoundrels who preach... contempt of the world to others.’ Continuities in law, philosophy and medicine Universities Wider education humanists promote service of public domain (especially in government e.g. Machiavelli, Thomas More

Power and authority in Europe: ‘composite monarchies’

Power and authority in Europe Importance of ceremony Move towards centralised states but with a stronger element of negotiation Professional administration Warfare Relatively more efficient tax collection

Map of the world c.1500

Portuguese expansion Under crown control Financed by private ships Conducted by an international class of merchants Trade more important than political domination They reject Columbus’ proposal

Spanish Expansion in the Americas Accept Columbus’ proposal Religious motivations Territorial control Primary motivation is not trade Later on bring in landless knights or shepherds, cattle- breeders etc

Europe c.1500 Peasants: stronger market involvement Towns: wider trading networks Catholic church: alive and present Intellectual developments: printing press, education Politics: move towards centralisation The New World