Period 1: Technological & Environmental Transformations Midterm Content ONLY and was taught in Chapter 1, 2, & 3. Period 1: Technological & Environmental Transformations To 600 B.C.E.

Key Concept 1.1

KC 1.1: Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americans, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions 1.1.IA: fire- sterilized and made food; provided warmth; protection; allowed migration to colder areas (allowed more adaptation to different climates); adapted to surroundings vs. surroundings adapting to them; meat consumption led to tool use (bones) Harnessing use of fire from “Mankind the Story of Us”

KC 1.1: Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americans, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions 1.1.IB: nomadic (small groups based on family); would marry off their own to other groups to create new trading partners; relatively equal in genders; no material possessions, or at least very little; lots of leisure time to come up with some art and begin thinking of religion; leaders would arise when necessary, but no full time leaders

Big Geography draws attention to the GLOBAL nature of world history During Paleolithic period humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas Hunting and gathering = food supply No agriculture yet

Early people adapted to different climates and developed various technologies Humans developed diverse tools – including the use of fire People lived in small groups that developed basic social, economic, and political activity – NOT CITIES YET

A branch of agriculture—called pastoralism—began around the same time as cultivation of plants. Pastoralism is the domestication and herding of animals such as goats, sheep, and cattle. Key Concept 1.2

KC 1.2.I: Beginning about 100,000 ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of more complex economic and social system 1.2.IA: NEAR WATER (RIVER VALLEYS) Mesopotamia, Nile, Sub-Saharan Africa, Indus River, Yellow/Huang He River) 1.2.IB: rice, barley, wheat and corn (maize), potatoes, cattle, goats, dogs 1.2.IC: herding animals and followed them; overgrazing an area when settling, which led to erosion 1.2.ID: clear land and manipulate environment- irrigation (water wells); pottery for storage, plows, textiles, metallurgy, wheeled vehicles; more cooperation; would get crops from other areas and trade and led to more erosion

KC 1.2.II: Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies 1.2.IIA: increase in population, specialization of labor (artisans and warriors and elites), new classes/stratification (hierarchies, classes and castes, wealthy, and patriarchy); more stability, follow seasons of planting, dependence on nature led to religions based on nature (worshipped reproduction and fertility); more people; surpluses of food>> who gets the extra?>>> inequality 1.2.IIB: Pottery, Plows, Woven Textiles, Wheels and Wheeled Vehicles, Metallurgy 1.2.IIC: warriors were important (first militaries) and were probably nomads like the Mongols of Central Asia; men became leaders, but no one’s really sure of an exact answer why a patriarch formed

10,000 years ago certain communities adopted first uses of agriculture Culminated into BIGGEST event in human history!!!!!!!!! NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION This means the invention of agriculture and animal domestication Increased birth rate Allowed early cities to develop

Farming communities worked together for the following: People in each region domesticated locally available plants and animals Farming communities worked together for the following: Clear land Create water control systems Both affected their environment

Agricultural communities developed in the following area: Mesopotamia (Middle East) Nile River Valley (Egypt) Sub-Saharan Africa Indus River Valley (India) Yellow River Valley (China) Papua New Guinea (Oceania) Mesoamerica (Mexico & Central America) The Andes (South America)

While other communities continued H & G or pastoral lifestyles Pastoral = nomadic animal herders Developed in Afro-Eurasian grasslands, which affected their environment

Both pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies Led to the following: Increased population Specialization of labor New classes included elites, warriors, and artisans

Key Concept 1.3

KC 1.3.I: What core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished? Describe them 1.3.I: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, Shang, Zhou, Olmec, Chavin Large powerful states, agricultural surpluses>>specialization; had religion, armies, etc.; traded with other areas; war and wealth went hand in hand

KC 1.3.II: The first states emerged within core civilizations in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley 1.3.IIA: leaders gained support from religion (divine right) and also relied on support of military, religious or aristocratic elites 1.3.IIB: -bronze (better tools, more agr); iron (better), food; growing pops. Hittites- first to use iron 1.3.IIC: Composite bows; Iron Weapons; Chariots, Horseback riding

KC 1.3.III: Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art 1.3.IIIA: Ziggurats; Pyramids; Temples; Defensive walls ; Streets and roads; Sewage and water systems 1.3.IIIB: - Cuneiform; Hieroglyphs; Pictographs; Alphabets; quipu (makes it easier to create laws, record business transactions, keep records, pictures made it easy for an illiterate public to “read” important things, 1.3.IIIC: Code of Hammurabi (Babylonia) (reinforced social and gender roles; look at adultery, treatment of slaves, harshness of punishments based on wealth and class;

KC 1.3.III: Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art 1.3.IIID: Vedic- Aryans crossed into Pakistan and India; had religious hymns known as the Vedas; sacrificed cows and other animals; created the caste system; contemplated the meaning of life; teachings- Upanishads (karma, reincarnation, leads to Hinduism) -Judaism/Hebrew Monotheism- Abraham (orig. from Mesopotamia); monotheistic- all others are false gods; obvi leads to Christianity and Islam; God (Yahweh) is personal and directly interacts with humans; Abraham has 2 sons (Isaac and Ishmael) -Zoroastrianism- Persia (before Islam); good God vs. evil God, but good God will win; Zarathrustra talked about final judgment, eternal life for the good, hell for bad

KC 1.3.III: Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art 1.3.IIIE: Trade between Egypt and Nubia (ivory, gold, slaves, cultural ideas, hieroglyphs, pyramids, religion) Trade between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley (metals, stones, textiles, grain, pots, pearls) 1.3.IIIF: more social classes; patriarchy prevails due to religion, laws, and customs

By 5,000 B.C.E. urban societies appeared and laid the foundations for the development of complex civilizations Usually these early civilizations emerged where agriculture flourished

Early civilizations include: Mesopotamia – Tigris & Euphrates River valleys Egypt – Nile River valley Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa – Indus River Valley Shang – Yellow (Huang He) River Valley Olmec – Mesoamerica Chavin – South America

Increased technology led to improvements in agricultural production, trade and transportation Pottery Wheels Also patriarchal forms of social organizations developed in both lifestyles Patriarchal = male dominated society

States were powerful new systems of gov’t They mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas Led by rulers Usually claimed divine connections to power Relied on military, religion, and nobility (wealthy landowners)

As states grew and competed, the ones with better resources, people, food, and military expanded Those who didn’t become absorbed Pastoralists often created new weapons and transportation out of necessity Eventually trickled down to agricultural areas

New weapons New transportation Composite bows Iron weapons Chariots Horseback riding

Culture developed in civilizations and acted as a unifier Culture included laws, language, literature, religion, myths, art and architecture Architecture Ziggurats Pyramids Defensive walls

Writing Used for record keeping and creative writing Mainly pictographic Examples of record keeping Cuneiform Hieroglyphics Examples of legal codes Code of Hammurabi (Babylonia) Code of Ur-Nammu (Sumer)

Legal codes allowed for gov’ts to rule and hierarchies to be protected Religious beliefs developed during this period Vedic religion of India Hebrew monotheism – Judaism Zoroastrianism

Increased exchanges grew as long- distance trade developed LD Trade occurred between the following: Mesopotamia and Egypt Egypt and Nubia Mesopotamia and Indus Valley China and SW Asia

Population movements increased as well Indo-European – Eurasia Bantu - Africa Social hierarchy and patriarchy intensified during this time as states and cities expanded