Psychology: An Introduction Benjamin Lahey 11th Edition Slides by Kimberly Foreman 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Chapter Twelve: Personality 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Definition of Personality sum of all of the ways of acting, thinking and feeling that are typical for a person makes each person different from other individuals 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Allport’s trait theory: most important traits are those related to our values - cardinal - central - secondary 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Five-factor model of personality Trait Theory (cont.) Five-factor model of personality 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Trait Theory (cont.) Validation of personality traits: - Hans Eysenck: - introversion - extroversion 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud Freud’s mind: - 3 levels of consciousness: - conscious mind - preconscious mind - unconscious mind: - repression 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.) Freud’s Mind: id, ego and superego - id: - pleasure principle - primary process thinking - ego: - reality principle - superego: - conscience ego ideal 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.) Displacement and identification: becoming a member of society - displacement - sublimation - identification 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.) Growing up: the stages of psychosexual development developmental stages result from a shifting of the primary outlet of libido energy of the id from one part of the body to another -erogenous zones 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.) Oral stage: (birth to 1 year) - oral dependent personality: seeks pleasure by overeating, smoking and by being a gullible person - oral aggressive personality: - seeks pleasure by being verbally hostile to others 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.) Anal stage: (1 to 3 years) - toilet training children learn how much control they can exert over others with their anal sphincter muscles - anal retentive - anal expulsive 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.) Phallic stage: (3 to 6 years) genitals become primary source of pleasure - Oedipus complex: - castration anxiety - Electra complex: - penis envy - phallic personality 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.) Latency stage: (6 to 11 years) - sexual interest is relatively inactive sexual desire has been strongly repressed through the resolution of the Oedipal or Electra complex sexual energy is sublimated into competence in schoolwork, play and sports 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.) Genital stage (11 years on): - sexual pleasure through the genitals - arrival of puberty - masturbation - sexual and romantic interest in others is central motive 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.) Theories derived from psychoanalysis: - Carl Jung: - extraversion and introversion - personal unconscious - collective unconscious 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.) Theories derived from psychoanalysis (cont.): - Alfred Adler: - struggle to overcome feelings of inferiority - social interest - goals 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.) Theories derived from psychoanalysis (cont.): - Karen Horney: - critic of Freud’s view of women conflicts develop as the result of inadequate child-rearing experiences 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura Role of learning in personality : -reciprocal determination: behavior is learned and the social learning environment is altered by the behavior 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura (cont.) Role of cognition in personality: - self-efficacy: perception that one is capable of doing what is necessary to reach one’s goals - self-regulation: personal standards for one's behavior from observing the personal standards that other people model 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura (cont.) Situationism and interactionism: behavior is determined by the situations in which people find themselves, not traits inside the person - person X situation interactionism: - different people react to the same situation differently 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers Inner-directedness and subjectivity: - inner-directedness: internal force that pushes one to become the best individual he/she is capable of being - subjective reality: - viewing life in different, highly personal terms 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers (cont.) Self-concept: - Carl Rogers: - self - ideal self: - congruency - mental symbols - conditions of worth 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers (cont.) Self-actualization: - characteristics: - reached a high level of moral development care deeply about others, but not dependent on their approval have an accurate view of people and life, yet are positive about life life is experienced in intense, vivid, absorbing ways, often with a sense of unity with nature 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers (cont.) Humanism compared with classic psychoanalysis and social learning theory: - all three theories believe that one internalizes society’s standards of what is desirable/moral and guides his/her behavior accordingly 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Personality Assessment Interviews and observational methods: - interviews: - most widely used method - asking questions - observations: - observing a person’s actual behavior in a natural or simulated situation 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Personality Assessment (cont.) Projective personality tests: unconscious feelings will be “projected” into the interpretation - Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Rorschach inkblot test 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Personality Assessment (cont.) Objective personality tests: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2): - 10 scales designed to measure different aspects of personality answers compared with answers of other individuals 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved