MATTER – ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND VOLUME (TAKES UP SPACE) Property of Matter Tools Units Calculations Mass – matter in an object Triple Beam Balance Grams (g) Volume – space an object takes up Ruler Graduated Cylinder Solids = cubic centimeters (cm3) Liquids = milliliters (mL) Regular Solid – ruler (l x w x h) Irregular Solid – Displacement w/ graduated cylinder (new – original) Weight – gravity pulling on an object Spring Scale Newtons (N)

Atoms Elements (pure) The building blocks of Matter Consists of Protons (+), Electrons (-), and Neutrons (N). Elements (pure) Consists of only one kind of atom (PURE) Cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means Can exist as either atoms or molecules. Images are from http://www.chem4kids.com

ATOMIC NUMBER = # OF PROTONS IN ELEMENT ATOMIC MASS = # OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS COMBINED NUCLEUS = CENTER THAT HOLDS PROTONS & NEUTRONS SHELLS = LAYERS OF ENERGY THAT HOLD DIFFERENT # OF ELECTRONS

How to Determine Parts of Atom??? Atomic # = Protons Protons = Electrons Neutrons = atomic mass – atomic #

Ions - atom or molecule with the # of electrons not equal to the # of protons (helps bond atoms) ANION CATION * Gains (-) = negative Loses (-) = positive

Molecules (pure) A molecule consists of two or more atoms of the same element, or different elements, that are chemically bound together. In the animation above, two nitrogen atoms (N + N = N2) make one Nitrogen molecule .

Compounds (pure) Atoms of two or more different elements bound together. Can be separated into elements chemically, but not physically. In the animation above, water (H20) is a compound made of Hydrogen and Oxygen. Animated images and notes from http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/elements.html

Do you know the difference?

Mixtures (not pure) 2 Types: They are substances held together by physical forces, not chemical. Can be separated physically. 2 Types: 1. Homogeneous 2. Heterogeneous * Solutions * Suspensions * Colloids Images are from http://www.chem4kids.com

Homogeneous Uniform Distribution. 1 Visible Phase Example: Sugar and Water Images are from http://www.chem4kids.com

Type of Homogeneous: Solutions - groups of molecules that are mixed up in a completely even distribution. Solutions are made of Solutes & Solvents Solute: substance to be dissolved (less) Solvent: does the dissolving (more)

Making a Solution

Homogeneous Cont… Colloids - Particle sizes are in between the size of particles found in solutions and suspensions . Can be mixed and remain evenly distributed without settling out.

Heterogeneous The substances are not uniformly mixed. 2 or more visible phases Example: Sand in a glass of water.

Heterogeneous Cont… that are visible to the naked eye. Suspensions- Are heterogeneous mixtures consisting of parts that are visible to the naked eye. Substances will settle over time. Example: the ingredients in salad dressing

REVIEW:

cannot be easily separated can be separated by physical means COMPOUNDS MIXTURES properties of atoms properties change unchanged separate substances cannot be easily separated can be separated by physical means homogenous or heterogeneous does not apply can be either homogenous or heterogeneous

States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma What Determines the STATE OF MATTER???? * speed, strength and attraction of the particles Close up view of atoms and their behavior Animated images are from http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/

SOLID – DEFINITE SHAPE & VOLUME. VERY CLOSE PARTICLES SOLID – DEFINITE SHAPE & VOLUME * VERY CLOSE PARTICLES * MOVE TOGETHER FROM PLACE TO PLACE

LIQUID – DEFINITE VOLUME, NO DEFINITE SHAPE LIQUID – DEFINITE VOLUME, NO DEFINITE SHAPE * FAST ENOUGH TO BREAK THROUGH EACH OTHER * SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER * TAKE SHAPE OF CONTAINER

GAS – NO DEFINITE SHAPE OR VOLUME GAS – NO DEFINITE SHAPE OR VOLUME * MOVE FAST ENOUGH TO BREAK APART IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS * SPREADS TO TAKE SHAPE OF CONTAINER

PLASMA – NO DEFINITE SHAPE OR VOLUME W/ ELECTRICAL CHARGE PLASMA – NO DEFINITE SHAPE OR VOLUME W/ ELECTRICAL CHARGE * BEHAVIOR DEPENDS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES * MOST MATTER IN UNIVERSE IS PLASMA IONIZED GAS

GAS BEHAVIOR – SPEED RELATES TO TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE SAME -> PRESSURE INCREASE & VOLUME DECREASE TEMPERATURE INCREASE -> PRESSURE INCREASE & VOLUME SAME TEMPERATURE INCREASE -> PRESSURE SAME & VOLUME INCREASE