Cellular Respiration

Adenosine Triphosphate Universal energy carrier of the cell Active transport Reproduction Movement Muscle contractions Protein synthesis Hydrolysis of ATP ATP + H2O  ADP + Pi + Energy Energy used to produce heat & drive processes

Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Primarily in mitochondria Chemical energy in glucose converted to ATP Necessary for both consumers (heterotrophs) and producers (autotrophs)

Glycolysis Start: Glucose (6-carbon molecule) 2ATP energizes the glucose Phosphate breaks from ATP Glucose (6C) broken into two Pyruvates (3C) Finish: Two pyruvates 4 ATPs NADH (H carriers)

Glucose (6 carbon molcule) ADP ADP ADP Pyruvate ATP ATP ADP Pyruvate ATP ATP ATP ATP NAD+ NAD+

Glycolysis Summary

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Step 1: Pyruvate broken down Pyruvate (3C) is split into Acetic Acid (2C) and CO2 More NADH created

Pyruvate #1 Pyruvate #2 CO2 CO2 NAD NAD Acetic acid Acetic acid

Step 2: Coenzyme A Acetic Acid (2C) combines with coenzyme A to create Acetyl-CoA (2C)

Step 3: Citric Acid formed Acetyl-CoA (2C) binds with 4C molecule (from previous Kreb’s cycle) Citric Acid (6C) created

Acetyl coA #1 Acetyl coA #2 citric acid citric acid 4 carbon molecule

Step 4: Citric Acid broken down Citric Acid (6C) broken into 5C molecule CO2 waste created More NADH created

Citric acid 5C molecule Citric acid 5C molecule NAD+ NAD+ CO2 CO2

Step 5: 5C molecule broken down 5C molecule broken down into 4C molecule CO2 waste created More NADH created ATP created

5C molecule 5C molecule 4C molecule 4C molecule CO2 CO2 ADP ADP ATP NAD+ NAD+ CO2 CO2 ADP ADP

Step 6: 4C molecule rearranged Enzymes rearrange the 4C molecule More NADH, FADH2 created

Citric acid Citric acid 4C molecule Citric acid 4C molecule Acetyl coA Acetyl coA

Kreb’s Summary 2 Pyruvate molecules (from glycolysis) create: 6CO2, 2ATP, 8NADH, 2FADH2

Glycolysis: net gain of 2ATP Glucose (6 carbon molcule) ADP ADP ADP Pyruvate ATP ATP ADP Pyruvate ATP ATP ATP ATP NAD+ NAD+

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Pyruvate #1 Pyruvate #2 CO2 CO2 NAD NAD Acetic acid Acetic acid

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Acetyl coA #1 Acetyl coA #2 citric acid citric acid 4 carbon molecule 4 carbon molecule

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 5C molecule Citric acid 5C molecule Citric acid NAD+ NAD+ CO2 CO2

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 5C molecule 5C molecule 4C molecule 4C molecule ATP ATP NAD+ NAD+ CO2 CO2 ADP ADP

Electron Transport Chain Step 1: Electrons removed Electrons removed from NADH and FADH2

Step 2: Hydrogen Ions Transported Proteins pump H+ ions across inner membrane of mitochondria H+ ions accumulate

H+ ions diffuse through protein channels to bind ADP + Pi ATP ATP ATP ATP Step 3: ATP produced H+ ions diffuse through protein channels to bind ADP + Pi 34 ATP created ATP

Step 4: Water created Oxygen binds with H+ ions to create 6H2O as a waste

Your essay question on the next test! Trace the flow of energy, including ATP, from the sun to your muscles (for exercise), after eating a green leaf salad (with croutons).